The evolutionary implications of hemipenial morphology of rattlesnake crotalus durissus terrificus (Laurent, 1768) (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae)

FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOMost amniotes vertebrates have an intromittent organ to deliver semen. The reptile Sphenodon and most birds lost the ancestral penis and developed a cloaca-cloaca mating. Known as hemipenises, the copulatory organ of Squamata shows unique features between the amniotes intromittent organ. They are the only paired intromittent organs across amniotes and are fully inverted and encapsulated in the tail when not in use. The histology and ultrastructure of the hemipenes of Crotalus durissus rattlesnake is described as the evolutionary implications of the main features discussed. The organization of hemipenis of Crotalus durissus terrificus in two concentric corpora cavernosa is similar to other Squamata but differ markedly from the organization of the penis found in crocodilians, testudinata, birds and mammals. Based on the available data, the penis of the ancestral amniotes was made of connective tissue and the incorporation of smooth muscle in the framework of the sinusoids occurred independently in mammals and Crotalus durissus. The propulsor action of the muscle retractor penis basalis was confirmed and therefore the named should be changed to musculus hemipenis propulsor. The retractor penis magnus found in Squamata has no homology to the retractor penis of mammals, although both are responsible for the retraction of the copulatory organ86FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP [2011/11828-4]sem informaçãosem informaçã

Les marchés monétaires internationaux

L'auteur de cet article déclare n'être ni un monétariste ni un économiste. S'il prend cette précaution, c'est que les marchés monétaires internationaux, en fait les Euro-dollars, de par l'ampleur considérable qu'ils affectent, constituent de plus en plus un aspect fondamental du système monétaire international : aussi, n'a-t-il pas la prétention de porter un jugement sur celui-ci avec toutes les connaissances qu'il exige. Son propos, dans une première partie, est de décrire comment sont nés ces marchés, pourquoi ils se sont développés, quels en sont les participants, ce que sont ses mécanismes, et enfin quelles en sont les caractéristiques. Sa seule ambition est de démontrer que ces marchés ne sont pas entachés de mystère comme certains sont enclins à le croire, sans pour autant dissimuler les dangers qu'ils comportent et la difficulté d'en prévoir les tendances. Dans une deuxième partie, l'auteur essaiera très brièvement de souligner les développements récents de ces marchés à la suite des restrictions monétaires imposées aux Etats-Unis en vue de juguler l'inflation. Il s'agit de la hausse exceptionnelle des taux d'intérêts sur ces marchés et son incidence sur les facultés de manoeuvre des autorités monétaires des pays européens.Nahoum J.C. Les marchés monétaires internationaux. In: Politique étrangère, n°4 - 1969 - 34ᵉannée. pp. 437-449

Natalidade em Salvador, Bahia (Brasil) Childbirth in Salvador, BA, Brazil

Foi estudada a natalidade em Salvador, Bahia (Brasil) através de uma amostra probabilística de 2.893 domicílios, calculando-se uma taxa de fertilidade de 96,87 por mil mulheres em idade fértil e uma taxa de natalidade de 32,97. Verificou-se associação entre o número de filhos e a renda, utilizando-se como indicadores da renda a zona de residência, classificação do bairro e a ocupação da mãe. O número de filhos está também associado a escolaridade.<br>In a random sampling of 2893 households in Salvador, BA, Brazil, the birth rate was focused on, the fertility rate was found to be 96.87 per 1000 women of child-bearing age, and the birth rate was 32.97. For this survey, residential area and mother's occupation were used as income indicators which pointed out two inverse relationships: 1) an inverse association between the number of children and income was statistically significant; 2) the same was true in the mother's educational level versus number of children