Os materiais adequados à execução, no ensino do oboé

O presente relatório remete para o trabalho desenvolvido no âmbito da disciplina de Prática de Ensino Supervisionada do 2ºano do Mestrado em Ensino de Música da Universidade de Aveiro. Tem como objetivo principal constituir-se um relflexão crítica sobre a prática educativa. Estando dividido em duas partes. A primeira remete ao projeto de investigação, que esclarece de que forma a utilização de um oboe desadequado às capacidades físicas de uma criança prejudica a sua saúde. Pretende igualmente identificar as principais lesões nos músicos e os métodos e terapias recomendados para as evitar ou tratar. Neste sentido, foi delineado e implementado um projeto de investigação que visou recolher informações relativas aos problemas físicos geralmente identificados em alunos mais pequenos e, se de alguma forma, estes problemas são menos frequentes com a utilização de materias adequados, nomeadamente instrumentos de iniciação. Deste modo, verificou-se se havia alterações significativas, nos indivíduos em estudo, aquando da utilização de estes instrumentos de iniciação. No sentido de obter dados que elucidassem sobre esta nossa investigação, foi delineada uma ferramenta, um inquérito por questionário. Divididos em dois grupos, o primeiro com 3 participantes, dois alunos e o seu professor e o segundo com 33 participantes, todos eles professores de oboé em Portugal. Foi possível verificar, através da análise dos dados, que apesar de uma melhoria significativa da postura, a opção por um instrumento modelo de estudante é mais frequente devido a uma maior possibilidade de registo e qualidade sonoro, em detrimento do conforto físico. Foi também possível mostrar que existe, por parte dos professores, uma grande preocupação relativamente à postura dos seus alunos. Paralelamente foi possível observar que a maior causa para a menor utilização dos instrumentos de iniciação em prol dos modelos de estudante, depreende-se com fatores económicos. A segunda parte deste relatório incide na observação e reflexão sobre o contexto onde decorreu a Prática de Ensino Supervisionada.This report refers to the work carried out within the scope of the discipline Supervised Teaching Practice of the 2nd year of the Master Course in Teaching Music of the University of Aveiro. Its main objective is to constitute a critical reflection on the educational practice, being divided into two parts. The first one refers to the research project, which clarifies how the use of an oboe that is inadequate to the physical capacities of a child impairs its health. It also intends to identify the main injuries in musicians and the recommended methods and therapies to avoid them or to treat them. In this sense, a research project was designed and implemented, that sought to gather information about the physical problems usually identified in smaller students and, if in any way, these problems are less frequent with the use of suitable materials, such as initiation instruments. In this way, it was verified if there were significant changes, in the individuals under study, when using these instruments of initiation. In order to obtain data that elucidated on our research a tool, a questionnaire survey, as designed to that evaluated the responses of a limited group of participants, divided into two groups: the first one with 3 participants, two students and their teacher and the second with 33 participants, all of them oboe teachers in Portugal. It was possible to verify, through data analysis, that despite a significant improvement in posture, the option for a student model instrument is more frequent due to a greater possibility of notes and sound quality, to the detriment of physical comfort. It was also possible to show that there is a great concern on the part of teachers regarding the posture of their students. At the same time, it was possible to observe that the major cause for the minimal use of the initiation instruments in favor of the student models, comes from economic factors. The second part of this report focuses on the observation and reflection on the context in which the Supervised Teaching Practice took place.Mestrado em Ensino de Músic

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research