Modelo hidráulico para la optimización de subunidades irregulares de riego por goteo

La escasez de los recursos hídricos actuales, especialmente en las zonas con clima árido o semiárido, provocan la necesidad de desarrollar herramientas de ayuda en la toma de decisiones para el diseño y manejo del riego, y más cuando se pretende utilizar energía fotovoltaica. El objetivo del trabajo ha sido desarrollar un modelo hidráulico que pueda acoplarse al modelo fotovoltaico, para el caso más general de subunidades de riego de forma y topografía irregular, constituyendo una herramienta de ayuda en la toma de decisiones para el diseño y manejo del riego con energía fotovoltaica, analizando la calidad del riego en las distintas subunidades con forma y topografía irregular. Para la calibración y validación del modelo, se ha aplicado a una parcela de 90 ha, de un cultivo de almendro regado por goteo, situada en una zona con topografía y forma muy irregular. Los resultados permiten identificar las zonas con problemas en la uniformidad de emisión en función de la presión disponible en la entrada de la subunidad de riego.Nowadays, water resources are limited especially in places with arid and semi-arid conditions. For that reason, it is essential the development of decision support system models (DSS) aiming the design and management of irrigation systems, especially when they are fed with photovoltaic energy. The main objective of this study was the development of a hydraulic model linked with a photovoltaic model, considering the most general case of irrigation subunits with irregular shape and topography. Thus, a decision support system tool (DSS) for the design and management irrigation with photovoltaic power is developed. Analyzing the irrigation quality in different subunit with irregular shape and topography is a main issue in precision irrigation. For model calibration and validation has been applied in an almond field with 90 ha with drip irrigation located in a shape and topography land. The results enabled us to identify the areas with uniformity problems depending on the pressure in the subnit head

Determinación del estado hídrico en viña a través de imágenes RGB y multiespectrales adquiridas por un VANT

La teledetección se ha convertido en una herramienta muy utilizada en la agricultura de precisión. La existencia de sensores ligeros, calibrados geométrica y radiométricamente, ha hecho que los vehículos aéreos no tripulados (VANTs) sean una de las plataformas más utilizadas en teledetección por obtener datos de muy alta resolución espacial y temporal. En el marco de la viticultura de precisión, haciendo uso de VANTs para la obtención de imágenes aéreas de la cubierta vegetal que proporcionen información agronómicamente útil para hacer un manejo y una gestión del riego sostenible y eficiente frente a la escasez hídrica existente principalmente en zonas áridas y semiáridas, se llevó a cabo un estudio en un viñedo localizado en Fuente-Álamo (Albacete) durante 2018 y 2019. Para obtener un amplio rango de condiciones de estado hídrico de la vid, varias estrategias de riego fueron aplicadas incluyendo regímenes con diferentes niveles de salinidad del agua, estableciendo diferencias en el estado hídrico de la cepa. Los vuelos se hicieron a lo largo del ciclo fenológico usando sensores convencionales (o RGB -red, green, blue-) y multiespectrales a bordo de un VANT, obteniendo ortoimágenes. Estas ortoimágenes fueron segmentadas para incluir solo la vegetación obteniendo el grado de cobertura verde como un parámetro geométrico representativo del desarrollo vegetal del cultivo. El potencial hídrico de tallo fue medido a mediodía con cámaras de presión, y la integral de estrés hídrico fue calculada a partir de estas medidas de estado hídrico, como una variable representativa del efecto acumulado de la intensidad y duración del estrés hídrico desde el comienzo del ciclo de desarrollo hasta el momento de la medida. Modelos de regresión lineal simple usando índices de vegetación basados en la respuesta espectral de la vegetación y el grado de cobertura verde fueron evaluados para predecir la integral de estrés hídrico. Técnicas de regresión no lineal usando redes neuronales artificiales con bandas de los sensores multiespectral y RGB y el grado de cobertura verde como variables predictoras de la integral de estrés hídrico también fueron empleadas. Ambos modelos mostraron que los datos del rango visible (pese a la menor reflectividad de la vegetación en este rango espectral) fueron más útiles para predecir la integral de estrés hídrico que los datos del rango multiespectral, que consideran la reflectividad en el red-edge y en el infrarrojo cercano, proporcionando mejores resultados los modelos no lineales de redes neuronales artificiales con valores de R2 próximos a 1 y errores relativos de 1.5 % o ligeramente superiores. La mayor resolución espacial, calidad radiométrica, facilidad de uso de la cámara RGB, su menor precio y fácil procesamiento de las imágenes RGB hace que estos sensores, utilizados en menor medida con usos agrícolas, sean una buena opción para usarse en la predicción del estado hídrico en viña

Integración de modelos hidráulicos, de distribución de agua y de cultivo para el análisis holístico de sistemas de riego por aspersión fija

En un contexto de recursos limitados, donde, debido al continuo aumento de la población mundial, cada vez hay una mayor demanda de alimentos, lo que se traduce en una mayor explotación de los recursos disponibles, como el agua, que, sumado al elevado consumo de energía para su extracción y aplicación, hacen necesario la modernización de los sistemas de riego y desarrollo de nuevas metodologías y herramientas que permitan gestionar los recursos de una manera más eficiente, obteniendo unas producciones óptimas. En este caso concreto, se ha centrado en los sistemas de riego por aspersión, los cuales se utilizan en cultivos con una gran demanda hídrica y necesitan, además de un correcto diseño y dimensionamiento, una adecuada gestión para el uso eficaz del agua de riego. Por ello, el objetivo perseguido ha sido la integración de modelos hidráulicos (para evaluar la distribución de presiones y caudales del sistema de riego), de distribución de agua (para determinar la distribución de agua aplicada en el suelo) y de simulación de cultivos (para evaluar el efecto de la distribución de agua sobre la producción del cultivo). Este modelo integrado y holístico permitirá ayudar en el proceso de toma de decisiones sobre el diseño, dimensionado y gestión de sistemas de riego. Para mostrar la potencialidad del modelo integrado se ha aplicado a un caso real, evaluando un diseño realizado por una empresa de riegos privada (utilizando criterios clásicos), llevada a cabo en una parcela de Tarazona de la Mancha (Albacete) con cultivo de cebolla (Allium cepa L.). La herramienta desarrollada permitirá determinar la producción de cebollas en cada metro cuadrado de la parcela, dada por la distribución de agua en el suelo y una zonificación por las características del mismo, obteniendo los índices; productividad del agua (kg/m3) y productividad de la energía (kg/kWh), permitiendo determinar la pluviosidad optima del sistema de riego con la que ser más eficientes con los recursos utilizados, pero sin afectar a producción del cultivo. Además, en base a los resultados obtenidos, se puede customizar el sistema de riego de forma localizada, abriéndose un abanico de posibilidades; como mejorar la uniformidad de riego, aplicar más agua en las zonas con mayor potencial productivo, entre otros, en un contexto de riego de precisión. Por lo que se puede concluir que la herramienta desarrollada tiene un elevado potencial, permitiendo ayudar en el proceso de toma de decisiones sobre el diseño, dimensionamiento y gestión de sistemas de riego por aspersión

INTEGRACIÓN DE MODELOS FOTOVOLTAICO E HIDRÁULICO PARA LA MEJORA DE LA GESTIÓN DE BOMBEOS SOLARES DE INYECCIÓN DIRECTA A SISTEMAS DE RIEGO

[EN] The agricultural irrigaation systems spend big quantity of energy to extract wáter from groundwater or surface water and maintain the pressure demand in the irrigation subunits. At the moment, the high fossil fuels and energy prices moreover the deep concern by the emissions of CO2 have made that the solar water pumping have had an important impact because the solar energy is clean and renewable energy, easy installation and maintenance with a long service life and great reliability. In this study analyze the hydraulic model and photovoltaic model togheter used to managing the dripping irrigation by direct injection in almond fields of 90 ha that is fed by photovoltaic system to optimizing the pressure and flow rate in a different subunits. Moreover, another important thing is the uniformity of the system to know the quality of irrigation[ES] Los sistemas de riego en agricultura suponen una gran demanda de energía debido a las extracciones desde captaciones subterráneas o superficiales y a la aplicación de la presión necesaria en las subunidades de riego. Actualmente, los elevados precios en los combustibles fósiles y la energía junto a la preocupación por la reducción de las emisiones de CO2, han propiciado un importante avance en los sistemas de bombeo solar, siendo la energía solar fotovoltaica una energía limpia y renovable, de fácil instalación y mantenimiento, con una larga vida útil y una alta fiabilidad. En el desarrollo de este estudio se ha analizado de forma conjunta el modelo hidráulico y fotovoltaico creado para gestionar el riego por goteo en inyección directa de una plantación de almendro de 90 ha, alimentada con placas solares con el fin de optimizar los valores de presión y caudal necesarios en las diferentes subunidades de riego existentes. Además, se ha tenido en cuenta un aspecto clave como es la uniformidad de emisión para la determinación de la calidad del riego en la explotación.Cervera Gascó, J.; Del Castillo Sánchez Cañamares, A.; Montero Martinez, J.; Tarjuelo Martín-Benito, J.; Moreno Hidalgo, M. (2015). INTEGRACIÓN DE MODELOS FOTOVOLTAICO E HIDRÁULICO PARA LA MEJORA DE LA GESTIÓN DE BOMBEOS SOLARES DE INYECCIÓN DIRECTA A SISTEMAS DE RIEGO. En XXXIII CONGRESO NACIONAL DE RIEGOS. Valencia 16-18 junio de 2015. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/CNRiegos.2015.1520OC

Use of Schizosaccharomyces strains for wine fermentation? Effect on the wine composition and food safety

Schizosaccharomyceswas initially considered as a spoilage yeast because of the production of undesirable metabolites such as acetic acid, hydrogen sulfide, or acetaldehyde, but it currently seems to be of great value in enology.o ced Nevertheless, Schizosaccharomyces can reduce all of the malic acid in must, leading to malolactic fermentation. Malolactic fermentation is a highly complicated process in enology and leads to a higher concentration of biogenic amines, so the use of Schizosaccharomyces pombe can be an excellent tool for assuring wine safety. Schizosaccharomyces also has much more potential than only reducing the malic acid content, such as increasing the level of pyruvic acid and thus the vinylphenolic pyranoanthocyanin content. Until now, few commercial strains have been available and little research on the selection of appropriate yeast strains with such potential has been conducted. In this study, selected and wild Sc. pombe strains were used along with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain to ferment red grape must. The results showed significant differences in several parameters including non-volatile and volatile compounds, anthocyanins, biogenic amines and sensory parameters

Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin

Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations.Spanish Government (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MINECO) and FEDER Projects: CGL2014 52135-C3-3-R, ESP2017-89463-C3-3-R, CGL2014-59946-R, CGL2015-65569-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-2-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-1-R, CGL2016-78075-P, GL2008-02879/BTE, LEDDRA 243857, RECARE-FP7, CGL2017-83866-C3-1-R, and PCIN-2017-061/AEI. Dhais Peña-Angulo received a “Juan de la Cierva” postdoctoral contract (FJCI-2017-33652 Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MEC). Ana Lucia acknowledge the "Brigitte-Schlieben-Lange-Programm". The “Geoenvironmental Processes and Global Change” (E02_17R) was financed by the Aragón Government and the European Social Fund. José Andrés López-Tarazón acknowledges the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of the Economy and Knowledge of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia for supporting the Consolidated Research Group 2014 SGR 645 (RIUS- Fluvial Dynamics Research Group). Artemi Cerdà thank the funding of the OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807. José Martínez-Fernandez acknowledges the project Unidad de Excelencia CLU-2018-04 co-funded by FEDER and Castilla y León Government. Ane Zabaleta is supported by the Hydro-Environmental Processes consolidated research group (IT1029-16, Basque Government). This paper has the benefit of the Lab and Field Data Pool created within the framework of the COST action CONNECTEUR (ES1306)

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. Methods: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015. Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years, 65 to 80 years, and = 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. Results: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 = 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients =80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%, 65 years; 20.5%, 65-79 years; 31.3%, =80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%, <65 years;30.1%, 65-79 years;34.7%, =80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%, =80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age = 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI = 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88), and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared, the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. Conclusion: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age = 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI), and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset

On the mechanisms governing gas penetration into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection

A new 1D radial fluid code, IMAGINE, is used to simulate the penetration of gas into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection (MGI). The main result is that the gas is in general strongly braked as it reaches the plasma, due to mechanisms related to charge exchange and (to a smaller extent) recombination. As a result, only a fraction of the gas penetrates into the plasma. Also, a shock wave is created in the gas which propagates away from the plasma, braking and compressing the incoming gas. Simulation results are quantitatively consistent, at least in terms of orders of magnitude, with experimental data for a D 2 MGI into a JET Ohmic plasma. Simulations of MGI into the background plasma surrounding a runaway electron beam show that if the background electron density is too high, the gas may not penetrate, suggesting a possible explanation for the recent results of Reux et al in JET (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013)

International nosocomial infection control consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004-2009

The results of a surveillance study conducted by the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) from January 2004 through December 2009 in 422 intensive care units (ICUs) of 36 countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe are reported. During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN; formerly the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system [NNIS]) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infections, we gathered prospective data from 313,008 patients hospitalized in the consortium's ICUs for an aggregate of 2,194,897 ICU bed-days. Despite the fact that the use of devices in the developing countries' ICUs was remarkably similar to that reported in US ICUs in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were significantly higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals; the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection in the INICC ICUs of 6.8 per 1,000 central line-days was more than 3-fold higher than the 2.0 per 1,000 central line-days reported in comparable US ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia also was far higher (15.8 vs 3.3 per 1,000 ventilator-days), as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (6.3 vs. 3.3 per 1,000 catheter-days). Notably, the frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to imipenem (47.2% vs 23.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (76.3% vs 27.1%), Escherichia coli isolates to ceftazidime (66.7% vs 8.1%), Staphylococcus aureus isolates to methicillin (84.4% vs 56.8%), were also higher in the consortium's ICUs, and the crude unadjusted excess mortalities of device-related infections ranged from 7.3% (for catheter-associated urinary tract infection) to 15.2% (for ventilator-associated pneumonia). Copyright © 2012 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved