Segurança jurídica como finalidade de lei

Among the goals pursued by the law are justice, the common good, and legal certainty. Legal security, as the purpose of law, is also a core value and an integral part of its concept. The exploration of its definition opens pathways in different directions that need to be grasped. This article analyzes the various connotations arising from its fundamental divisions, its main manifestations in the Chilean legal system, and its essential problems.Dentro de los fines perseguidos por el derecho se encuentran la justicia, el bien común y la seguridad jurídica. La seguridad jurídica en tanto fin del derecho también constituye un valor de este y forma parte de su concepto. La aproximación a su definición abre sendas en distintos sentidos que deben ser aprehendidos. Este artículo analizar las diversas acepciones que emanan de sus divisiones fundamentales, sus principales manifestaciones en el ordenamiento jurídico chileno y sus problemas esenciales.Entre os fins perseguidos pelo Direito estão a justiça, o bem comum e a segurança jurídica. A segurança jurídica como fim do Direito, também constitui um valor, e faz parte de seu conceito. A abordagem ao seu conceito abre caminhos em várias direções que devem ser apreendidas. Este artigo analisa os diversos significados, que emanam de suas divisões fundamentais, suas principais manifestações no ordenamento jurídico chileno y seus problemas essenciais

Interesse superior da criança: revisão da sua origem, evolução e tendências interpretativas atuais no Chile

This article contains a description and a review of the documentary character of the international normative origin of the best interest of the child principle and its legislative reception in the Chilean legal system. Furthermore, this study offers an analysis of the jurisprudential treatment of the said principle, and a review of the main foreign doctrinaire interpretative tendencies on the said undetermined clause, describing the diverse criteria of objectivity or rationality as a way of overcoming the determination that it might cause. Thus, the study observes a treatment that lacks uniformity in the courts that are well known on these matters, which is a situation raised by interpretative problems.El presente artículo contiene una descripción y una revisión de carácter documental acerca de los orígenes normativos internacionales del principio de interés superior del niño y de su recepción legislativa en el ordenamiento jurídico chileno. Además, ofrece un análisis del tratamiento jurisprudencial del mismo y la revisión de las principales corrientes o tendencias interpretativas doctrinarias extranjeras sobre dicha cláusula indeterminada, describiendo los diversos criterios de objetividad o racionalidad como forma de superación de la indeterminación que el mismo puede llegar a generar. De esta forma se observa un tratamiento carente de uniformidad en los tribunales que conocen de estas materias, situación suscitada por problemas interpretativos.Este artigo apresenta uma descrição e uma revisão de caráter documental sobre as origens legislativas internacionais do princípio de interesse superior da criança e de sua recepção legislativa no ordenamento jurídico chileno. Além disso, oferece uma análise do tratamento jurisprudencial desta e a revisão das principais correntes ou tendências interpretativas doutrinárias estrangeiras sobre essa cláusula indeterminada, descrevendo os diversos critérios de objetividade ou racionalidade como forma de superação da indeterminação que esta pode chegar a gerar. Dessa forma, é observado um tratamento deficiente de uniformidade nos tribunais que tratam dessas matérias, situação suscitada por problemas interpretativos

As sentenças da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos como fonte do direito nacional. Questionamentos necessários a propósito da aplicação do controle de convencionalidade

The purpose of this article is to carry out a comparative study between the jurisprudence and the judgments of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights as sources of material law, as well as carrying out a review of the systems proposed by the Inter-American Court for the application and incorporation of the judgments of the Court as a source of material law: mandatory, binding and with erga omnes effect in the states parties subject to its jurisdiction. In this way, we raise a series of questions that arise as a consequence of an eventual implementation of conventionality control in the current national legal scenario, where we envision the relevance of a prompt implementation of a justifiable procedural system for reasons of jurisdiction and legitimacy that allow the viability of the aforementioned control of conventionality within our legal system.Este artículo tiene por objeto efectuar un estudio comparativo entre la jurisprudencia y las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos como fuentes de derecho material, así como efectuar una revisión de los sistemas propuestos por la Corte Interamericana para la aplicación e incorporación de las sentencias de la Corte como fuente de derecho material, obligatoria, vinculante y con efecto erga omnes en los estados parte sometidos a su competencia. De esta forma, planteamos una serie de cuestionamientos que nos surgen como consecuencia de una eventual implementación del control de convencionalidad en el actual escenario jurídico nacional, donde vislumbramos la pertinencia de una pronta implantación de un sistema procedimental justificable por razones de juridicidad y legitimidad que permitan la viabilidad del aludido control de convencionalidad dentro de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico.O objetivo deste artigo é realizar um estudo comparativo entre a jurisprudência e as sentenças da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, como fontes de direito material, como: proceder a uma revisão dos sistemas propostos pela Corte Interamericana para a aplicação e incorporação das sentenças da Corte como fonte de direito material, obrigatória, vinculante e com efeito erga omnes nos Estados partes sob sua jurisdição. Desse modo, levantamos uma série de questionamentos que surgem em decorrência de uma eventual implementação do controle de convencionalidade no atual cenário jurídico nacional, onde  vislumbramos a relevância de uma pronta implementação de um sistema processual justificável por razões de jurisdição e legitimidade que permitir a viabilização do referido controle de convencionalidade dentro de nosso ordenamento jurídico

Evaluation of climatic seasonal influence on the quality of water for human consumption in a San José (Costa Rica) supply system, 2017-2018

Objetivo: Analizar el estado y la influencia de la variabilidad climática en la calidad del agua de un sistema de abastecimiento para consumo humano en San José, Costa Rica, captado en cuatro microcuencas del cantón Vásquez de Coronado, en el periodo 2017-2018, para brindar recomendaciones al operador y promover la protección de la población abastecida Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de los parámetros de calidad básicos de agua para consumo humano (Escherichia coli, coliformes fecales, turbidez, conductividad, pH, color, temperatura y cloro residual). Los análisis se realizaron siguiendo el Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Se delimitaron las zonas de captación utilizando sistemas de información geográfica. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial para describir la calidad del agua y su variabilidad espacial y estacional. Resultados: La concentración de coliformes fecales en el agua superficial fue > 103 NMP/100 mL y la turbidez >5 UTN en el 76% de las muestras. En la red de distribución se encontraron concentraciones de clororesidual y turbidez (>5 UTN) por encima de los límites recomendados para agua de consumo humano . Se encontró diferencias significativas en todos los parámetros básicos de calidad de agua entre las distintas zonas de captación (p<0,05 en todos los casos), asícomo entre épocas climáticas por zona de captación. Conclusión: Estos resultados indican que se estáutilizando agua de calidad inadecuada para uso y consumo humano, por lo cual se recomienda unmonitoreo intensivo y sectorizado de las fuentes paralocalizar puntos de contaminación.Objective: Analyze the water quality and the influence of the climatic variability in supply system for the human consume in San José, Costa Rica, in four catchment areas in Vasquez of Coronado in the period 2017-2018 to give recommendations to the operator and promote the protection of the supplied population. Methods: Descriptive study of the basic parameters of the drinking water (Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, turbidity, conductivity, pH, color, temperature, and residual chlorine). The analyses were done following Standard Methods for the examination of Water and Wastewater. The catchment areas were delimited using geographic information systems (GIS). Descriptive and inferential statistic was used to describe the water quality, spatial and seasonal variability. Results: The concentration of fecal coliforms in the catchment areas was >10 3 NMP/100 mL and the turbidity >5 UTN in 76% of the samples. In the distribution system were found concentrations of the residual chlorine and turbidity (>5 UTN) above according to recommended limits for drinking water in the country. The results showed significant differences in all of the basic parameters of the water quality between catchment areas (p<0, 05 in all cases) and between climatic periods for catchment areas. Conclusion: These results indicate that water of inadequate quality is being used for human use and consumption, for which reason intensive and sectorized source monitoring is recommended to locate contamination points.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de MicrobiologíaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Medicina::Escuela de Tecnologías en Salu

Survey Data on the Impact of COVID-19 on Parental Engagement Across 23 Countries

This data article describes the dataset of the International COVID-19 Impact on Parental Engagement Study (ICIPES). ICIPES is a collaborative effort of more than 20 institutions to investigate the ways in which, parents and caregivers built capacity engaged with children's learning during the period of social distancing arising from global COVID-19 pandemic. A series of data were collected using an online survey conducted in 23 countries and had a total sample of 4,658 parents/caregivers. The description of the data contained in this article is divided into two main parts. The first part is a descriptive analysis of all the items included in the survey and was performed using tables and figures. The second part refers to the construction of scales. Three scales were constructed and included in the dataset: ‘parental acceptance and confidence in the use of technology’, ‘parental engagement in children's learning’ and ‘socioeconomic status’. The scales were created using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Multi-Group Confirmatory Analysis (MG-CFA) and were adopted to evaluate their cross-cultural comparability (i.e., measurement invariance) across countries and within sub-groups. This dataset will be relevant for researchers in different fields, particularly for those interested in international comparative education

Survey data on the impact of COVID-19 on parental engagement across 23 countries

This data article describes the dataset of the International COVID-19 Impact on Parental Engagement Study (ICIPES). ICIPES is a collaborative effort of more than 20 institutions to investigate the ways in which, parents and caregivers built capacity engaged with children's learning during the period of social distancing arising from global COVID-19 pandemic. A series of data were collected using an online survey conducted in 23 countries and had a total sample of 4,658 parents/caregivers. The description of the data contained in this article is divided into two main parts. The first part is a descriptive analysis of all the items included in the survey and was performed using tables and figures. The second part refers to the construction of scales. Three scales were constructed and included in the dataset: 'parental acceptance and confidence in the use of technology', 'parental engagement in children's learning' and 'socioeconomic status'. The scales were created using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Multi-Group Confirmatory Analysis (MG-CFA) and were adopted to evaluate their cross-cultural comparability (i.e., measurement invariance) across countries and within sub-groups. This dataset will be relevant for researchers in different fields, particularly for those interested in international comparative education

Lo glocal y el turismo. Nuevos paradigmas de interpretación.

El estudio del turismo se realiza desde múltiples escalas y enfoques, este libro aborda muchos temas que es necesario discutir desde diversas perspectivas; es el caso de la reflexión sobre la propia disciplina y sus conceptos, así como los asuntos específicos referidos al impacto territorial, los tipos de turismo, las cuestiones ambientales, el tema de la pobreza, la competitividad, las políticas públicas, el papel de las universidades, las áreas naturales protegidas, la sustentabilidad, la cultura, el desarrollo, la seguridad, todos temas centrales documentados y expuestos con originalidad y dominio del asunto. Lo multiescalar es básico para la comprensión del sistema turístico, sistema formado de procesos globales, regionales y locales. El eje de discusión del libro es lo glocal, esa interacción entre lo nacional y local con lo global

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Diseño estratégico de vanguardia

La integración del diseño con la vanguardia se observa natural, esto es, el diseño es una disciplina abductiva y la vanguardia persigue fines prospectivos, es decir, en ambos casos se trata de objetivos de posibilidad futura. De tal suerte, este libro, emanado de una parte de las ponencias rigurosamente arbitradas del Coloquio Internacional de Diseño 2016, está dividido en tres secciones o capítulos, a saber, el capítulo uno relacionado con la teoría y metodología para proyectos de diseño de vanguardia, el segundo sobre la tecnología, la innovación y la sostenibilidad de vanguardia de dichos proyectos, y finalmente el último capítulo, vinculado con la gestión estratégica de proyectos de vanguardia.La historia se forja de hechos e interpretaciones, de pasados construidos y de presentes en procesos constantes, estudiados en forma estricta por las ciencias. Por su parte, el futuro ostenta la posibilidad de ser indefinidamente planeado con base en las variopintas aproximaciones teóricas y empíricas que dan fundamento a este tipo de ciencia; éstas son denominadas prospectivas y sus bases vanguardias. Resulta importante señalar, que estas posibilidades sólo permiten tener una idea hipotética de lo que será la realidad y el mundo de vida de los seres vivos y su contexto, no obstante, se trata de la única manera racional que tiene el ser humano de prever ese futuro posible. Las distintas ciencias y disciplinas nos permiten construir históricamente estas posibilidades partiendo de datos, hechos, significados y un sinfín de informaciones que le dan cuerpo y sentido a tales posibilidades. En este sentido, la vanguardia, como base del conocimiento prospectivo, observa la necesidad de ser escrita, leída y discutida en los términos más estrictos con el fin de volver las predicciones más precisas. El diseño por su parte, es definido de manera sucinta como la disciplina proyectual estratégica y sistémica de la posibilidad, dirigida a procesos de significación utilitaria y simbólica para la comprensión –o interpretación– y modificación –o proyectación– de niveles de realidad (referentes y sujetos) desde diversos aparatos teóricos y empíricos –perspectivas disciplinarias–

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years