Saídas para a crise ambiental: consciência relacional, transdisciplinaridade e suficiência na base de outra economia

Resenha de Max-Neef, M. Economía Herética: treinta y cinco años a contracorriente. Barcelona: Icaria, 2017.Book review of Max-Neef, M. Economía Herética: treinta y cinco años a contracorriente. Barcelona: Icaria, 2017.Reseña de Max-Neef, M. Economía Herética: treinta y cinco años a contracorriente. Barcelona: Icaria, 2017

El cambio climático y la inequidad en Colombia: tendencias recientes y perspectivas futuras

Esta investigación se enfoca principalmente en el análisis de las relaciones entre el fenómeno del cambio climático (CC) y la inequidad económica a nivel teórico y para el caso de Colombia. En primer lugar, se procura discutir las perspectivas e identificar las posibles interacciones entre los dos fenómenos a nivel teórico. En segundo término, se plantea un análisis de la incidencia de la inequidad en la generación de gases de efecto invernadero para el caso colombiano y, en tercer lugar, se explora cómo el CC puede afectar la inequidad también a nivel de Colombia. La metodología se fundamenta, primero, en la causalidad circular y acumulativa entre los dos fenómenos, lo que permite entender los procesos sociales y biofísicos como uno solo. Además, las escalas y su interacción son el segundo elemento metodológico que utiliza el trabajo de manera transversal, enfatizado en las dinámicas global y nacional. Desde el punto de vista teórico, se plantea el CC como un problema de inequidad intergeneracional y la inequidad económica se ve como uno de inequidad intrageneracional. En el primer caso, se realiza una crítica a la corriente dominante que ha analizado el tema, la economía del bienestar, que ve el CC como una externalidad y su análisis se centra en los modelos integrados y la actualización del bienestar futuro a través de la tasa de descuento, manteniendo criterios normativos como la creencia en el crecimiento indefinido, la sustituibilidad perfecta de factores y la conmensurabilidad de valores. Se plantea un giro hacia la sostenibilidad fuerte con el reconocimiento de los límites, la irreversibilidad, la complejidad y la incertidumbre extrema. En el segundo, se propone el carácter multidimensional de la inequidad intrageneracional y se analiza su relación con el ambiente desde diferentes concepciones, como las necesidades, los derechos y las oportunidades; luego se discuten posiciones en el contexto del CC en particular y se resalta el intercambio ecológicamente desigual. Finalmente, se propone una síntesis que involucra ambos tipos de inequidad concebida como el espacio de la suficiencia, en el cual se respeten unos umbrales de bienestar inferiores y superiores que permiten una equidad intrageneracional que además respeta las condiciones mínimas del bienestar de las generaciones futuras. Respecto al caso colombiano, en primer lugar, esta investigación encuentra que pese a ser un país con bajos niveles de responsabilidad frente al CC, está conectado al proceso global de generación de emisiones a través de la exportación de combustibles fósiles. A nivel nacional, resalta que la ganadería es el sector que causa la mayoría de las emisiones y plantea que su proceso histórico está íntimamente relacionado con la inequitativa tenencia de la tierra. En segundo lugar, el trabajo evidencia que los efectos del CC sobre la inequidad, que pasan por la vulnerabilidad frente al sus impactos, tienen el potencial de generar inequidades mediante varios mecanismos. En ambos casos se discute la relevancia de la política ambiental y se resalta la tensión contradictoria entre ésta y la visión general del desarrollo. Finalmente, se concluye que el CC y la inequidad pueden concebirse en un estado en que haya una interacción benéfica, pero la evidencia para Colombia señala que la retroalimentación refuerza los fenómenos.Abstract. This research focuses on the analysis of the relationship between climate change phenomena and economic inequality at a theoretical level and also for the Colombian case. In the first place, it seeks to discuss perspectives and identify potential interactions between the two phenomena at a theoretical level. Second, an analysis of inequality incidence on the generation of greenhouse gases for the Colombian case is posed and, thirdly, the ways climate change might affect inequality in Colombia are explored. Methodology is based, first, on circular and cumulative causation between the two phenomena, which allows us to understand the social and biophysical processes as one. Additionally, scales and their interaction are the second methodological component this work uses transversely, through the emphasis on the global and national dynamics. From a theoretical viewpoint, climate change is seen as an intergenerational inequality problem while economic inequality arises as one of intragenerational inequality. In the first case, this document critically assess the mainstream viewpoint that has analyzed the issue, welfare economics, which sees climate change as an externality and focuses on integrated models and updating the future well-being through the discount rate, assuming normative criteria as the belief in unlimited growth, perfect factor substitutability and commensurability of values. A shift towards strong sustainability arises, recognizing ecological limits, complexity, irreversibility and extreme uncertainty. Second, multidimensional character of intra-generational inequality is proposed and its relationship with the environment is analyzed for different conceptions as needs, rights and opportunities and there are also discussed particular positions in the context of climate change, where the ecologically unequal exchange is highlighted. Finally, the space of sufficiency is conceived as a synthesis that involves both types of inequality, where lower and upper well-being thresholds are respected allowing intra-generational equality and also respecting minimum conditions for future generations. Relative to the Colombian case, firstly, the research finds that despite being a country with low responsibility for climate change, it is connected to the overall process of emissions generation through the export of fossil fuels. Nationwide, it is highlighted that the livestock sector causes most of the territorial emissions, and it is posed that in its historical process it has been closely related to the inequitable land ownership. Secondly, this research finds that the effects of climate change on inequality, through vulnerability to impacts, have the potential to create inequalities by several mechanisms. The relevance of the perspective of policy towards climate change is discussed in both cases and it is emphasized that there is a contradictory tension between the political focus on climate change in relation to the overall development vision. Finally, it is concluded that climate change and inequality may be conceived within a state of beneficial feedback, but evidence for Colombia points towards a negative reinforcing character of the relationship.Maestrí

Cambiando de perspectiva en la economía de la mitigación del cambio climático

Este artículo plantea una discusión de las corrientes de la economía que han abordado la relación entre el cambio climático (CC) con el desarrollo. Se realiza un análisis crítico de la economía del bienestar, que ve el CC como una externalidad y se enfoca en el valor presente el bienestar futuro por medio de la tasa social de descuento, y se plantea una un giro hacia la economía ecológica, fundamentada en la sostenibilidad fuerte, la incertidumbre irreductible y una base normativa diferente. Con esto, se cuestiona la relevancia del crecimiento del consumo como fundamento del desarrollo. El artículo concluye enfatizando la importancia de este giro para la investigación y la evaluación de la política climática

Search for new particles in events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search is presented for new particles produced at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV, using events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb(-1), collected in 2017-2018 with the CMS detector. Machine learning techniques are used to define separate categories for events with narrow jets from initial-state radiation and events with large-radius jets consistent with a hadronic decay of a W or Z boson. A statistical combination is made with an earlier search based on a data sample of 36 fb(-1), collected in 2016. No significant excess of events is observed with respect to the standard model background expectation determined from control samples in data. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the branching fraction of an invisible decay of the Higgs boson, as well as constraints on simplified models of dark matter, on first-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying to quarks and neutrinos, and on models with large extra dimensions. Several of the new limits, specifically for spin-1 dark matter mediators, pseudoscalar mediators, colored mediators, and leptoquarks, are the most restrictive to date.Peer reviewe

Combined searches for the production of supersymmetric top quark partners in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A combination of searches for top squark pair production using proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1) collected by the CMS experiment, is presented. Signatures with at least 2 jets and large missing transverse momentum are categorized into events with 0, 1, or 2 leptons. New results for regions of parameter space where the kinematical properties of top squark pair production and top quark pair production are very similar are presented. Depending on themodel, the combined result excludes a top squarkmass up to 1325 GeV for amassless neutralino, and a neutralinomass up to 700 GeV for a top squarkmass of 1150 GeV. Top squarks with masses from 145 to 295 GeV, for neutralino masses from 0 to 100 GeV, with a mass difference between the top squark and the neutralino in a window of 30 GeV around the mass of the top quark, are excluded for the first time with CMS data. The results of theses searches are also interpreted in an alternative signal model of dark matter production via a spin-0 mediator in association with a top quark pair. Upper limits are set on the cross section for mediator particle masses of up to 420 GeV

Probing effective field theory operators in the associated production of top quarks with a Z boson in multilepton final states at root s=13 TeV

Peer reviewe

Observation of tW production in the single-lepton channel in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV

A measurement of the cross section of the associated production of a single top quark and a W boson in final states with a muon or electron and jets in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV is presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 36 fb(-1) collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2016. A boosted decision tree is used to separate the tW signal from the dominant t (t) over bar background, whilst the subleading W+jets and multijet backgrounds are constrained using data-based estimates. This result is the first observation of the tW process in final states containing a muon or electron and jets, with a significance exceeding 5 standard deviations. The cross section is determined to be 89 +/- 4 (stat) +/- 12 (syst) pb, consistent with the standard model.Peer reviewe

Measurement of the top quark mass using events with a single reconstructed top quark in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV

Abstract:A measurement of the top quark mass is performed using a data sample en-riched with single top quark events produced in thetchannel. The study is based on proton-proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1, recorded at√s= 13TeV by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016. Candidate events are selectedby requiring an isolated high-momentum lepton (muon or electron) and exactly two jets,of which one is identified as originating from a bottom quark. Multivariate discriminantsare designed to separate the signal from the background. Optimized thresholds are placedon the discriminant outputs to obtain an event sample with high signal purity. The topquark mass is found to be172.13+0.76−0.77GeV, where the uncertainty includes both the sta-tistical and systematic components, reaching sub-GeV precision for the first time in thisevent topology. The masses of the top quark and antiquark are also determined separatelyusing the lepton charge in the final state, from which the mass ratio and difference aredetermined to be0.9952+0.0079−0.0104and0.83+1.79−1.35GeV, respectively. The results are consistentwithCPTinvariance

Search for a heavy Higgs boson decaying into two lighter Higgs bosons in the tau tau bb final state at 13 TeV

A search for a heavy Higgs boson H decaying into the observed Higgs boson h with a mass of 125 GeV and another Higgs boson h(S) is presented. The h and h(S) bosons are required to decay into a pair of tau leptons and a pair of b quarks, respectively. The search uses a sample of proton-proton collisions collected with the CMS detector at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1). Mass ranges of 240-3000 GeV for m(H) and 60-2800 GeV for m(hS) are explored in the search. No signal has been observed. Model independent 95% confidence level upper limits on the product of the production cross section and the branching fractions of the signal process are set with a sensitivity ranging from 125 fb (for m(H) = 240 GeV) to 2.7 fb (for m(H) = 1000 GeV). These limits are compared to maximally allowed products of the production cross section and the branching fractions of the signal process in the next-to-minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model.Peer reviewe

Cambiando de perspectiva en la economía de la mitigación del cambio climático

Este artículo plantea una discusión de las corrientes de la economía que han abordado la relación entre el cambio climático (CC) con el desarrollo. Se realiza un análisis crítico de la economía del bienestar, que ve el CC como una externalidad y se enfoca en el valor presente el bienestar futuro por medio de la tasa social de descuento, y se plantea una un giro hacia la economía ecológica, fundamentada en la sostenibilidad fuerte, la incertidumbre irreductible y una base normativa diferente. Con esto, se cuestiona la relevancia del crecimiento del consumo como fundamento del desarrollo. El artículo concluye enfatizando la importancia de este giro para la investigación y la evaluación de la política climática