Segmentación y detección de objetos en imágenes y vídeo mediante inteligencia computacional

Finalmente, se exponen las conclusiones obtenidas tras la realización de esta tesis y unas posibles líneas futuras de investigación. Fecha de lectura de Tesis: 17 diciembre 2018.La presente tesis trata sobre el procesamiento y análisis de imágenes y video mediante sistemas informáticos. Primeramente se hace una introducción, especificando contexto, objetivos y metodología. Luego se muestran los antecedentes, los fundamentos de la videovigilancia, las dificultades existentes y diversos algoritmos del estado del arte, seguido de las principales características del aprendizaje profundo, transporte inteligente y sistemas con cámara PTZ, finalizando con la evaluación de métodos y distintos conjuntos de datos. Después se muestran tres partes. La primera comenta los estudios desarrollados que tratan sobre segmentación. Aquí se explican diferentes modelos desarrollados cuyo objetivo es la detección de objetos, tanto usando hardware genérico o especifico como en ámbitos específicos, o un estudio de cómo influye la reducción del tamaño de las imágenes al rendimiento de los algoritmos. La segunda parte describe los trabajos que utilizan una cámara PTZ. El primero trabajo hace un seguimiento del objeto más anómalo del escenario, siendo el propio sistema el que decide cuáles son anómalos y cuáles no; el segundo muestra un sistema que indica a la cámara los movimientos a realizar en función de la salida producida por un modelo de fondo no panorámico y mejorada con un gas neuronal creciente. La tercera parte trata sobre los estudios desarrollados con relación con el transporte inteligente, como es la clasificación de los vehículos que aparecen en secuencias de tráfico. El primer trabajo aplica técnicas tradicionales como segmentación y extracción de rasgos; el segundo utiliza segmentación y redes convolucionales, complementado con un estudio del redimensionado de imágenes para proveerlas en el formato necesario a cada red; y el tercero emplea un modelo que detecta y clasifica objetos, estimando posteriormente la contaminación generada por los vehículos

Super-resolution of 3D Magnetic Resonance Images by Random Shifting and Convolutional Neural Networks

Enhancing resolution is a permanent goal in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, in order to keep improving diagnostic capability and registration methods. Super-resolution (SR) techniques are applied at the postprocessing stage, and their use and development have progressively increased during the last years. In particular, example-based methods have been mostly proposed in recent state-of-the-art works. In this paper, a combination of a deep-learning SR system and a random shifting technique to improve the quality of MR images is proposed, implemented and tested. The model was compared to four competitors: cubic spline interpolation, non-local means upsampling, low-rank total variation and a three-dimensional convolutional neural network trained with patches of HR brain images (SRCNN3D). The newly proposed method showed better results in Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Structural Similarity index, and Bhattacharyya coefficient. Computation times were at the same level as those of these up-to-date methods. When applied to downsampled MR structural T1 images, the new method also yielded better qualitative results, both in the restored images and in the images of residuals.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Blood Cell Classification Using the Hough Transform and Convolutional Neural Networks

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77712-2_62The detection of red blood cells in blood samples can be crucial for the disease detection in its early stages. The use of image processing techniques can accelerate and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of this detection. In this work, the use of the Circle Hough transform for cell detection and artificial neural networks for their identification as a red blood cell is proposed. Specifically, the application of neural networks (MLP) as a standard classification technique with (MLP) is compared with new proposals related to deep learning such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The different experiments carried out reveal the high classification ratio and show promising results after the application of the CNNs.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Anomalous trajectory detection for automated traffic video surveillance

Vehicle trajectories extracted from traffic video sequences can be helpful for many purposes. In particular, the analysis of detected anomalous trajectories may enhance drivers’ safety. This work proposes a methodology to detect anomalous vehicle trajectories by using a vehicle detection, a vehicle tracking and a processing of the tracking information steps. Once trajectories are detected, their velocity vectors are estimated and an anomaly value is computed for each trajectory by comparing its vector with those from its nearest neighbours. The management of these anomaly values allows considering which trajectories are suitable to be potentially anomalous considered. Real and synthetic videos have been included in the experiments to perform the goodness of the proposal.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech Gobierno de España bajo el proyecto RTI2018-094645-B-I00 Junta de Andalucía bajo el proyecto UMA18-FEDERJA-08

Road pollution estimation from vehicle tracking in surveillance videos by deep convolutional neural networks

Air quality and reduction of emissions in the transport sector are determinant factors in achieving a sustainable global climate. The monitoring of emissions in traffic routes can help to improve route planning and to design strategies that may make the pollution levels to be reduced. In this work, a method which detects the pollution levels of transport vehicles from the images of IP cameras by means of computer vision techniques and neural networks is proposed. Specifically, for each sequence of images, a homography is calculated to correct the camera perspective and determine the real distance for each pixel. Subsequently, the trajectory of each vehicle is computed by applying convolutional neural networks for object detection and tracking algorithms. Finally, the speed in each frame and the pollution emitted by each vehicle are determined. Experimental results on several datasets available in the literature support the feasibility and scalability of the system as an emission control strategy.This work is partially supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain under grant RTI2018-094645-B-I00, roject name ‘‘Automated detection with low-cost hardware of unusual activities n video sequences’’. It is also partially supported by the Autonomous Government of Andalusia (Spain) under project UMA18-FEDERJA-084, project name ‘‘Detection of anomalous behavior agents by deep learning in low-cost video surveillance intelligent systems’’. All of them include funds from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). It is also partially supported by the University of Malaga (Spain) under grants B1-2019_01, project name ‘‘Anomaly detection on roads by moving cameras’’, and B1-2019_02, project name ‘‘Self-Organizing Neural Systems for Non-Stationary Environments’’. The authors thankfully acknowledge the computer resources, technical expertise and assistance provided by the SCBI (Supercomputing and Bioinformatics) center of the University of Málaga.thankfully acknowledge the computer resources, technical expertise and assistance provided by the SCBI (Supercomputing and Bioinformatics) center of the University of Málaga. They also gratefully acknowledge the support of NVIDIA Corporation with the donation of two Titan X GPUs. Finally, the authors thankfully acknowledge the grant of the Universidad de Málaga and the Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga - IBIMA. Funding for Open Access charge: University of Málaga/CBU

Manejo de la inmunosupresión en pacientes trasplantados de riñón con COVID19. Estudio multicéntrico nacional derivado del registro COVID de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología

Introduction: SARS CoV2 infection has had a major impact on renal transplant patients with a high mortality in the first months of the pandemic. Intentional reduction of immunosuppressive therapy has been postulated as one of the cornerstone in the management of the infection in the absence of targeted antiviral treatment. This has been modified according to the patient`s clinical situation and its effect on renal function or anti-HLA antibodies in the medium term has not been evaluated.Objectives: Evaluate the management of immunosuppressive therapy made during SARS-CoV2 infection, as well as renal function and anti-HLA antibodies in kidney transplant patients 6 months after COVID19 diagnosis.Material and methods: Retrospective, national multicentre, retrospective study (30 centres) of kidney transplant recipients with COVID19 from 01/02/20 to 31/12/20. Clinical variables were collected from medical records and included in an anonymised database. SPSS statistical software was used for data analysis.Results: renal transplant recipients with COVID19 were included (62.6% male), with a mean age of 57.5 years. The predominant immunosuppressive treatment prior to COVID19 was triple therapy with prednisone, tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid (54.6%) followed by m-TOR inhibitor regimens (18.6%). After diagnosis of infection, mycophenolic acid was discontinued in 73.8% of patients, m-TOR inhibitor in 41.4%, tacrolimus in 10.5% and cyclosporin A in 10%. In turn, 26.9% received dexamethasone and 50.9% were started on or had their baseline prednisone dose increased. Mean creatinine before diagnosis of COVID19, at diagnosis and at 6 months was: 1.7 +/- 0.8, 2.1 +/- 1.2 and 1.8 +/- 1 mg/dl respectively (p < 0.001). 56.9% of the patients (N = 350) were monitored for anti-HLA antibodies. 94% (N = 329) had no anti-HLA changes, while 6% (N = 21) had positive anti-HLA antibodies. Among the patients with donor-specific antibodies post-COVID19 (N = 9), 7 patients (3.1%) had one immunosuppressant discontinued (5 patients had mycophenolic acid and 2 had tacrolimus), 1 patient had both immunosuppressants discontinued (3.4%) and 1 patient had no change in immunosuppression (1.1%), these differences were not significant.Conclusions: The management of immunosuppressive therapy after diagnosis of COVID19 was primarily based on discontinuation of mycophenolic acid with very discrete reductions or discontinuations of calcineurin inhibitors. This immunosuppression management did not influence renal function or changes in anti-HLA antibodies 6 months after diagnosis

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Reseñas de Libros

<div>Andrés Cabello, Sergio; Capellán de Miguel, Gonzalo; Fandiño Pérez, Roberto y Orduña Prada, Mónica, La transición a la democracia en La Rioja. Logroño, Gobierno de La Rioja, 2001, 291 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 199-200</div><div><br /></div><div>José Miguel Delgado Idarreta</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Beneyto, José María; Martín de la Guardia, Ricardo y Pérez Sánchez, Guillermo (dirs.), Europa y Estados Unidos. Una historia de la relación atlántica en los últimos cien años. Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, 2005, 356 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 201-203</div><div><br /></div><div>David Molina Rabadán</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Bosworth, Richard J. B., Mussolini’s Italy. Life under the Fascist Dictatorship 1915-1945. New York, Penguin, 2006, 692 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 203-205</div><div><br /></div><div>Jan Nelis</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Dávila A., Mireya; Fuentes S., Claudio (eds.), Promesas de cambio. Izquierda y derecha en el Chile contemporáneo. Santiago de Chile, Editorial Universitaria, FLACSO, 2003, 189 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 205-208</div><div><br /></div><div>David Oviedo Silva</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Delgado Idarreta, José Miguel; Andrés Cabello, Sergio, Actas del V Simposio de Historia Actual: La Rioja, España, Europa. Logroño, Instituto de Estudios Riojanos, 2006, 449 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 208-212</div><div><br /></div><div>Alfonso Pinilla García</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Evans, Richard J., La llegada del Tercer Reich. Barcelona, Península, 2005, 672 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 212-214</div><div><br /></div><div>Alejandro Piñero González</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Friedman, Thomas L., La Tierra es plana. Breve historia del mundo globalizado del siglo XXI. Madrid, Martínez Roca, 2006, 496 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 214-216</div><div><br /></div><div>David Molina Rabadán</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Gil Calvo, Enrique, El miedo es el mensaje. Riesgo, incertidumbre y medios de comunicación. Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 2004, 320 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 216-218</div><div><br /></div><div>Lucía Benítez Eyzaguirre</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Goicovic Donoso, Igor, Entre el dolor y la ira. La venganza de Antonio Ramón Ramón. Chile, 1914. Osorno, Editorial Universidad de los Lagos, 2005, 188 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 218-221</div><div><br /></div><div>Alejandra Brito Peña</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Griffin, Roger (ed.), Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion. New York, Routledge, 2005, 225 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 221-222</div><div><br /></div><div>Jan Nelis</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>McNeill, John R., Algo nuevo bajo el Sol. Historia medioambiental del mundo en el siglo XX. Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 2003, 504 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 222-224</div><div><br /></div><div>Alejandro Román Antequera</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Pacheco Silva, Arnoldo, Economía y sociedad de Concepción, siglo XIX: Sectores populares urbanos, 1800 – 1885. Concepción, Universidad de Concepción, 2003, 319 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 224-226</div><div><br /></div><div>Mario Valdés Urrutia</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Paxton, Robert O., Anatomía del fascismo. Barcelona, Península, 2005, 366 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 226-228</div><div><br /></div><div>Miguel Ángel del Arco Blanco</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Rashke, Richard, Escapar de Sobibor. Barcelona, Planeta, 2004, 592 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 228-230</div><div><br /></div><div>Daniel Francisco Álvarez Espinosa</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Said, Edward W., Cultura e Imperialismo. Barcelona, Editorial Anagrama, 2004, 542 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 230-232</div><div><br /></div><div>Joaquín Piñeiro Blanca</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Skoutelsky, Rémi, Novedad en el frente. Las Brigadas Internacionales en la Guerra Civil. Madrid, Temas de Hoy, 2006, 503 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 232-234</div><div><br /></div><div>Alejandro Piñero González</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>“Pratiques de l'histoire immédiate”. Cahiers d'histoire immédiate, 29 (2006), 501 pp. Número especial: Colección de artículos aparecidos en los Cahiers d'histoire immédiate entre 1991 y 2005, presentada por Jean-François Soulet.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 234-236</div><div><br /></div><div>Iván López Cabello</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Wacquant, Loïc (Dir.) Repensar los Estados Unidos. Para una sociología del hiperpoder. Barcelona, Anthropos Editorial, 2005, 239 pp.</div><div><br /></div><div>Páginas 236-238</div><div><br /></div><div>Marcela Iglesias Onofrio</div><div><br /></div

Jornadas Nacionales de Robótica y Bioingeniería 2023: Libro de actas

Las Jornadas de Robótica y Bioingeniería de 2023 tienen lugar en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial de la Universidad Politécnica de IVIadrid, entre los días 14 y 16 de junio de 2023. En este evento propiciado por el Comité Español de Automática (CEA) tiene lugar la celebración conjunta de las XII Jornadas Nacionales de Robótica y el XIV Simposio CEA de Bioingeniería. Las Jornadas Nacionales de Robótica es un evento promovido por el Grupo Temático de Robótica (GTRob) de CEA para dar visibilidad y mostrar las actividades desarrolladas en el ámbito de la investigación y transferencia tecnológica en robótica. Asimismo, el propósito de Simposio de Bioingeniería, que cumple ahora su decimocuarta dicción, es el de proporcionar un espacio de encuentro entre investigadores, desabolladores, personal clínico, alumnos, industriales, profesionales en general e incluso usuarios que realicen su actividad en el ámbito de la bioingeniería. Estos eventos se han celebrado de forma conjunta en la anualidad 2023. Esto ha permitido aunar y congregar un elevado número de participantes tanto de la temática robótica como de bioingeniería (investigadores, profesores, desabolladores y profesionales en general), que ha posibilitado establecer puntos de encuentro, sinergias y colaboraciones entre ambos. El programa de las jornadas aúna comunicaciones científicas de los últimos resultados de investigación obtenidos, por los grupos a nivel español más representativos dentro de la temática de robótica y bioingeniería, así como mesas redondas y conferencias en las que se debatirán los temas de mayor interés en la actualidad. En relación con las comunicaciones científicas presentadas al evento, se ha recibido un total de 46 ponencias, lo que sin duda alguna refleja el alto interés de la comunidad científica en las Jornadas de Robótica y Bioingeniería. Estos trabajos serán expuestos y presentados a lo largo de un total de 10 sesiones, distribuidas durante los diferentes días de las Jornadas. Las temáticas de los trabajos cubren los principales retos científicos relacionados con la robótica y la bioingeniería: robótica aérea, submarina, terrestre, percepción del entorno, manipulación, robótica social, robótica médica, teleoperación, procesamiento de señales biológicos, neurorehabilitación etc. Confiamos, y estamos seguros de ello, que el desarrollo de las jornadas sea completamente productivo no solo para los participantes en las Jornadas que podrán establecer nuevos lazos y relaciones fructíferas entre los diferentes grupos, sino también aquellos investigadores que no hayan podido asistir. Este documento que integra y recoge todas las comunicaciones científicas permitirá un análisis más detallado de cada una de las mismas