Multiattribute Attitude Measurement of Incredible India Campaign

The study makes an effort to evaluate Incredible India campaign in terms of its growth and expansion. For the purpose of this study descriptive research has been undertaken, in which a questionnaire was designed to measure the attitude of the foreign tourists towards India. For analyzing the attitude towards Incredible India campaign, Fishbein Multi-attribute model has been used quantitatively. The attitude has been measured by calculating and analyzing a mean overall attitude (Ao) in respect to the minimum and maximum value keeping the evaluation score constant. The attitude score has also been judged on a scale of ideal point score where the lowest value is 12 and the highest value is 300. The value has been calculated assuming strongest belief and evaluation and weakest belief and evaluation. The analysis of the elements of Incredible India campaign shows a mean overall attitude (Ao) of 184.29 with a minimum and maximum value of 47.03 and 235.16 respectively. Keywords: Incredible India, Indian Tourism, Attitude, Foreign Tourist

The Prevalence of Chronic Diseases among Migrants in Korea According to Their Length of Stay and Residential Status

Background: Migrant health is becoming public health issues, as the migrant populations are increasing and their length of stayis prolonged. This study aims to analyze the differences in prevalence of chronic diseases among migrants according to length ofstay and residential status.Methods: An initial population pool were 3,024 who were assessed with health screening programs by Migrant Health Association.2,459 migrants were selected for final analysis. Via Stata 10 we conducted univariate logistic regression analysis to examine theeffects of their length of stay and residential status on the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. In thefinal analysis, the result of each sex was adjusted for age, nationality, length of stay, and residential status via multiple logisticregression analysis.Results: Longer length of stay tends to increase the prevalence of hypertension in male; 4-6 year stay-duration groupdemonstrated statistically significant excess compared to 1 year or less stay-duration group (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.39;confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.92). After adjustment, male migrants stayed more than 7 year showed considerably higherdyslipidemia than male migrants stayed less than 1 year (adjusted OR, 1.95; CI, 1.05 to 3.64). Compared to the group with 1 yearor less stay-duration, the prevalence of obesity in male was significantly higher among 4-6 year (adjusted OR, 1.65; CI, 1.17 to 2.32)and 7 year or more stay-duration group (adjusted OR, 1.65; CI, 1.11 to 2.45).Conclusion: Longer length of stay correlated to higher prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity among somepopulation of migrants. So more researches and new developing policies are needed for this problem.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2012-01/102/0000052039/7SEQ:7PERF_CD:SNU2012-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:0000052039ADJUST_YN:YEMP_ID:A077862DEPT_CD:801CITE_RATE:0FILENAME:52 The Prevalence of Chronic Diseases among Migrants in Korea According.pdfDEPT_NM:의학과EMAIL:[email protected]_YN:NCONFIRM:

State of the Art Review: Emerging Therapies: The Use of Insulin Sensitizers in the Treatment of Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

PCOS, a heterogeneous disorder characterized by cystic ovarian morphology, androgen excess, and/or irregular periods, emerges during or shortly after puberty. Peri- and post-pubertal obesity, insulin resistance and consequent hyperinsulinemia are highly prevalent co-morbidities of PCOS and promote an ongoing state of excess androgen. Given the relationship of insulin to androgen excess, reduction of insulin secretion and/or improvement of its action at target tissues offer the possibility of improving the physical stigmata of androgen excess by correction of the reproductive dysfunction and preventing metabolic derangements from becoming entrenched. While lifestyle changes that concentrate on behavioral, dietary and exercise regimens should be considered as first line therapy for weight reduction and normalization of insulin levels in adolescents with PCOS, several therapeutic options are available and in wide use, including oral contraceptives, metformin, thiazolidenediones and spironolactone. Overwhelmingly, the data on the safety and efficacy of these medications derive from the adult PCOS literature. Despite the paucity of randomized control trials to adequately evaluate these modalities in adolescents, their use, particularly that of metformin, has gained popularity in the pediatric endocrine community. In this article, we present an overview of the use of insulin sensitizing medications in PCOS and review both the adult and (where available) adolescent literature, focusing specifically on the use of metformin in both mono- and combination therapy

Nitric Oxide (NO) in Plant Heat Stress Tolerance: Current Knowledge and Perspectives

High temperature is one of the biggest abiotic stress challenges for agriculture. While, Nitric oxide (NO) is gaining increasing attention from plant science community due to its involvement in resistance to various plant stress conditions, its implications on heat stress tolerance is still unclear. Several lines of evidence indicate NO as a key signaling molecule in mediating various plant responses such as photosynthesis, oxidative defense, osmolyte accumulation, gene expression, and protein modifications under heat stress. Furthermore, the interactions of NO with other signaling molecules and phytohormones to attain heat tolerance have also been building up in recent years. Nevertheless, deep insights into the functional intermediaries or signal transduction components associated with NO-mediated heat stress signaling are imperative to uncover their involvement in plant hormone induced feed-back regulations, ROS/NO balance, and stress induced gene transcription. Although, progress is underway, much work remains to define the functional relevance of this molecule in plant heat tolerance. This review provides an overview on current status and discuss knowledge gaps in exploiting NO, thereby enhancing our understanding of the role of NO in plant heat tolerance

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative sars-cov-2 infection: An international cohort study

Background The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (740%) had emergency surgery and 280 (248%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (261%) patients. 30-day mortality was 238% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (512%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 380% (219 of 577), accounting for 817% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 175 [95% CI 128-240], p<00001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (230 [165-322], p<00001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3-5 versus grades 1-2 (235 [157-353], p<00001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (155 [101-239], p=0046), emergency versus elective surgery (167 [106-263], p=0026), and major versus minor surgery (152 [101-231], p=0047). Interpretation Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Role and Regulation of Osmolytes and ABA Interaction in Salt and Drought Stress Tolerance

Abiotic stress conditions lead to the defects in plant growth and development and also reduction in flowering and fertility. Under prolonged stresses, imminent death of the plants has been observed. To cope with such stress conditions, plants accumulate a wide variety of organic solutes called osmolytes. Osmolytes are accumulated in bacteria, lower, and higher plants as a response primarily to abiotic stress. They encompass amino acids such as proline, tertiary sulfonium, and quaternary ammonium compounds like beatines, sugars (trehalose), and polyhydric alcohols (mannitol, sorbitol, pinitol, etc.). Osmolytes are accumulated in the cytoplasm as well as in chloroplasts in certain cases for osmotic adjustment under stress conditions. This enables the plants to absorb water and survive under stress. Out of the many phytohormones that play diverse roles during abiotic stress, abscisic acid (ABA) is an important one and perceived by plants by a core signaling module. As an integral part of signal transduction during stress conditions, ABA and other hormones regulate not only stomatal closure, but also a wide array of gene expressions including osmolyte biosynthetic pathway genes. Many signal molecules like nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide also play a vital role in osmolyte biosynthesis. Osmolytes appear to have multiple functions during stress such as osmotic adjustment and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, generation of ROS and osmolyte accumulation are linked together. This review summarizes the role played by ABA in signal transduction, the role of hormones to regulate osmolyte biosynthesis, and various functions carried out by them