Articuler dispositifs de formation et Innovations technologiques : Repères sur des actions de pédagogie inversée

International audienceDans le contexte actuel de l’éducation, toute formation universitaire devrait traduire un besoin d’implication volontaire et responsable, de même que la nécessaire analyse des contextes et mécanismes d’apprentissage en vue de leur adaptation aux différents publics. Suivant le postulat selon lequel l’apprenant comme l’enseignant développe et exerce un savoir dans l’action et par celle-ci, nous essaierons de comprendre le fonctionnement du dispositif technique et pédagogique, en insistant sur le concept de classe inversée. En ce sens, nous aborderons la notion de ressources internes (ressources cognitives, conatives de l’apprenant) et ressources externes (ressourcesmatérielles et humaines)

Drug-loaded nanocarriers : passive targeting and crossing of biological barriers

Poor bioavailability and poor pharmacokinetic characteristics are some of the leading causes of drug development failure. Therefore, poorly-soluble drugs, fragile proteins or nucleic acid products may benefit from their encapsulation in nanosized vehicles, providing enhanced solubilisation, protection against degradation, and increased access to pathological compartments. A key element for the success of drug-loaded nanocarriers (NC) is their ability to either cross biological barriers themselves or allow loaded drugs to traverse them to achieve optimal pharmacological action at pathological sites. Depending on the mode of administration, NC may have to cross different physiological barriers in their journey towards their target. In this review, the crossing of biological barriers by passive targeting strategies will be presented for intravenous delivery (vascular endothelial lining, particularly for tumour vasculature and blood-brain barrier targeting), oral administration (gastrointestinal lining) and upper airway administration (pulmonary epithelium). For each specific barrier, background information will be provided on the structure and biology of the tissues involved as well as available pathways for nano-objects or loaded drugs (diffusion and convection through fenestration, transcytosis, tight junction crossing, etc.). The determinants of passive targeting − size, shape, surface chemistry, surface patterning of nanovectors − will be discussed in light of current results. Perspectives on each mode of administration will be presented. The focus will be on polymeric nanoparticles and dendrimers although advances in liposome technology will be also reported as they represent the largest body in the drug delivery literature

Employabilité et justice spatiale : quelles réponses territoriales ?

Introduction La problématique de l’employabilité représente un véritable enjeu pour les individus, les entreprises et les territoires. D’une façon générale, l’employabilité est définie comme « la capacité pour un salarié à remplir les conditions nécessaires et suffisantes pour se maintenir ou retrouver un emploi à l’intérieur ou à l’extérieur de l’entreprise » (McQuaid et Lindsay, 2005). Il s’agit de sa capacité à accéder à un emploi, à le conserver et à y évoluer (Vanhercke et al., 2014). Ce..

Psychosocial interventions for self-harm in adults

Background: Self-harm (SH; intentional self-poisoning or self-injury) is common, often repeated, and associated with suicide. This is an update of a broader Cochrane review first published in 1998, previously updated in 1999, and now split into three separate reviews. This review focuses on psychosocial interventions in adults who engage in self-harm. Objectives: To assess the effects of specific psychosocial treatments versus treatment as usual, enhanced usual care or other forms of psychological therapy, in adults following SH. Search methods: The Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group (CCDAN) trials coordinator searched the CCDAN Clinical Trials Register (to 29 April 2015). This register includes relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) from: the Cochrane Library (all years), MEDLINE (1950 to date), EMBASE (1974 to date), and PsycINFO (1967 to date). Selection criteria: We included RCTs comparing psychosocial treatments with treatment as usual (TAU), enhanced usual care (EUC) or alternative treatments in adults with a recent (within six months) episode of SH resulting in presentation to clinical services. Data collection and analysis: We used Cochrane's standard methodological procedures

The Drosophila melanogaster host model

The deleterious and sometimes fatal outcomes of bacterial infectious diseases are the net result of the interactions between the pathogen and the host, and the genetically tractable fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has emerged as a valuable tool for modeling the pathogen–host interactions of a wide variety of bacteria. These studies have revealed that there is a remarkable conservation of bacterial pathogenesis and host defence mechanisms between higher host organisms and Drosophila. This review presents an in-depth discussion of the Drosophila immune response, the Drosophila killing model, and the use of the model to examine bacterial–host interactions. The recent introduction of the Drosophila model into the oral microbiology field is discussed, specifically the use of the model to examine Porphyromonas gingivalis–host interactions, and finally the potential uses of this powerful model system to further elucidate oral bacterial-host interactions are addressed