Determinantes de la gestión financiera y sostenibilidad de las PYMES 2014 – 2018

Muchas de las PYMES cuentan con problemas estructurales tales como un mal manejo financiero o fallas en su gestión, lo cual les genera dificultades para acceder a créditos y una baja rentabilidad. Se ha obtenido una muestra de 68 PYMES de la ciudad de Lima del año 2014 al 2018, la cual fue obtenida mediante el desarrollo de un programa de fortalecimiento financiero para PYMES de distintos sectores económicos. El modelo utilizado, es un modelo econométrico pooled por Mínimos cuadrados ordinarios para determinar la influencia que tienen algunos determinantes sobre el margen neto y el acceso a línea de crédito de este tipo de empresa. Entre los principales hallazgos se encontró que para la rentabilidad sólo tres de estas variables son significativas: ventas, tasa de interés, y años de funcionamiento. Para el caso del acceso a crédito las variables significativas fueron: margen neto, calificación crediticia, presentación de EEFF, y uso de herramientas de gestión.Many of the SMEs have structural problems such as poor financial management or governance failures, which makes it difficult for them to access credit and low profitability. A sample of 68 SMEs from the city of Lima has been obtained from 2014 to 2018, which was obtained through the development of a financial strengthening program for SMEs from different economic sectors. The model used, is an econometric model pooled by ordinary least squares is used to determine the influence that some determinants have on the net margin and access to credit lines of this type of companies. Among the main findings, it was found that for profitability, only three of these variables are significant: sales, interest rate, and years of operation. For the credit access, the significant variables were: net margin, credit rating, presentation of financial statements, and use of management tools

Calidad del servicio y su influencia en la satisfacción de los usuarios de la municipalidad Provincial de Piura – 2014

La presente investigación analiza la calidad de servicio y su influencia en la satisfacción de los usuarios de la Municipalidad Provincial de Piura - 2014, la cual permitirá conocer cómo influye la calidad de servicio en la satisfacción de los usuarios mayores de 18 años que no laboran en la institución, siendo la población de 292 784 personas y la muestra de 171. Se utilizó una metodología observacional de tipo aplicativo, explicativo y transversal, de diseño no experimental, transversal y correlacional – causal. Para poder recoger los datos informativos se utilizó la técnica de la encuesta con su respectivo instrumento, el cuestionario de Servqual creado por Zeithaml, Parasuraman y Berry en 1988, basado en la metodología Servperf, modelo propuesto por Cronin y Taylor en 1992. Sobre la calidad de servicio, se obtuvo que existe un nivel de calidad promedio de 3 puntos, donde se evidencia que las dimensiones fiabilidad y capacidad de respuesta son las mayores debilidades del servicio, encontrándose en un promedio de 2.5 y 2.6 respectivamente, siendo el máximo puntaje 5. Con respecto a la satisfacción de los usuarios, se obtuvo que no tienen una opinión definida (ni satisfactoria, ni insatisfactoria) sobre la calidad del servicio, encontrándose en un promedio cercano a los 3 puntos, siendo el máximo puntaje 5; capacidad de respuesta tiene un puntaje de 2.4 y seguridad 2.2 identificándose en estas dimensiones la mayor debilidad en el servicio que ofrece la Municipalidad, por lo que el nivel de satisfacción de los usuarios se encuentra en un nivel regular, debido a la deficiente calidad de servicio

Teaching apps for the learning of languages through sports: Technology and sports in the English and Spanish as a L2/FL classroom

This paper presents a selection of teaching apps for the teaching and learning of both English and Spanish through sports. In the frame of a funded research project on Applied Linguistics to the teaching of modern languages through sports (Galindo Merino, 2016a), one of our aims is to apply ICT to this teaching approach (Botella Tejera et al., 2016; Sellés et al., 2016). Thus, 17 apps related to the teaching of languages through sports are explored. Specifically, we have selected different kinds of apps: language-based apps, language learning apps, three specific English through sports apps, and sport journals and TV channels apps. After presenting and analyzing them, we provide a wide range of activities to include them in the language classroom, in line with recent developments in task-based language teaching with technology

Characterization of Oral Enterobacteriaceae Prevalence and Resistance Profile in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis

Enterobacteriaceae; Insuficiència renal crónica; Diàlisi peritonealEnterobacteriaceae; Insuficiencia renal crónica; Diálisis peritonealEnterobacteriaceae; Chronic renal failure; Peritoneal dialysisChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a growing public-health concern worldwide. Patients exhibit compromised immunity and are more prone to infection than other populations. Therefore, oral colonization by clinically relevant members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, major agents of both nosocomial and dialysis-associated infections with frequent prevalence of antibiotic resistances, may constitute a serious risk. Thus, this study aimed to assess the occurrence of clinically relevant enterobacteria and their antibiotic resistance profiles in the oral cavity of CKD patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (CKD-PD) and compare it to healthy controls. Saliva samples from all the participants were cultured on MacConkey Agar and evaluated regarding the levels of urea, ammonia, and pH. Bacterial isolates were identified and characterized for antibiotic resistance phenotype and genotype. The results showed that CKD-PD patients exhibited significantly higher salivary pH, urea, and ammonia levels than controls, that was accompanied by higher prevalence and diversity of oral enterobacteria. Out of all the species isolated, only the prevalence of Raoultella ornithinolytica varied significantly between groups, colonizing the oral cavity of approximately 30% of CKD-PD patients while absent from controls. Antibiotic resistance phenotyping revealed mostly putative intrinsic resistance phenotypes (to amoxicillin, ticarcillin, and cephalothin), and resistance to sulfamethoxazole (~43% of isolates) and streptomycin (~17%). However, all isolates were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested and multidrug resistance isolates were only found in CKD-PD group (31,6%). Mobile genetic elements and resistance genes were detected in isolates of the species Raoultella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter asburiae, mostly originated from CKD-PD patients. PD-related infection history revealed that Enterobacteriaceae were responsible for ~8% of peritonitis and ~ 16% of exit-site infections episodes in CKD-PD patients, although no association was found to oral enterobacteria colonization at the time of sampling. The results suggest that the CKD-induced alterations of the oral milieu might promote a dysbiosis of the commensal oral microbiome, namely the proliferation of clinically relevant Enterobacteriaceae potentially harboring acquired antibiotic resistance genes. This study highlights the importance of the oral cavity as a reservoir for pathobionts and antibiotic resistances in CKD patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.This work is a result of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777, co-financed by Competitiveness and Internationalisation Operational Programme (POCI), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and through national funds by the FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia. CC fellowship was supported by FCT/MCTES scholarship with the reference 2020.08540.BD. This work and CF were financially supported by FEDER through project “Assessing the risks associated with environmental antibiotic resistant bacteria: propagation and transmission to humans” (PTDC/CTA-AMB/28196/2017) – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização, and by National Funds from FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia and was hosted by CBQF through FCT project UIDB/50016/2020

"Five Keys to Safer Food" and COVID-19

On 11 March 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) and, up to 18:37 a.m. on 9 December 2021, it has produced 268,440,530 cases and 5,299,511 deaths. This disease, in some patients, included pneumonia and shortness of breath, being transmitted through droplets and aerosols. To date, there is no scientific literature to justify transmission directly from foods. In this review, we applied the precautionary principle for the home and the food industry using the known 'Five Keys to Safer Food' manual developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and extended punctually in its core information from five keys, in the light of new COVID-19 evidence, to guarantee a possible food safety tool

Implementación de un sistema de gestión de residuos sólidos para reducir la contaminación en la empresa Constructora y Servicios Generales R&V S. R. L., 2021 – Quinhuaragra – San Marcos – Huari – Ancash

La gestión de residuos sólidos es un tema que nos concierne a todos los ciudadanos debido a que es parte de nuestro día a día y poder administrarlos de la mejor manera contribuye a minimizar los impactos negativos que podemos generar en nuestras actividades. La presente investigación de tipo aplicada y diseño cuasi experimental tuvo como objetivo, reducir la contaminación en la Empresa Constructora y Servicios generales R&V S.R.L., 2021 en el Centro Poblado de Quinhuaragra, distrito de San Marcos, provincia de Huari, departamento de Ancash, para cumplir con el objetivo se utilizó la técnica de recolección de datos con encuestas previamente validades por expertos, pesado de los residuos, ambos datos analizados con el sistema de SPSS V.26 y tomas fotografías, luego se implementó un plan de gestión de residuos sólidos el cual consistió en dar charlas continuas a los trabajadores, sensibilización a la población, colocar contenedores de residuos en los frentes de trabajo y posteriormente se pesaron los residuos recuperados, todo ello se desarrolló en 16 semanas, los resultados obtenidos fueron positivos ya que se tuvo acogida de los trabajadores y la población quienes amablemente nos escucharon y atendieron en las charlas, se lograron recuperar el 30% más de residuos generados a comparación de lo que se recuperaba sin ninguna gestión, de los residuos propio de obra clasificados como CONCRETO Y DERIVADOS (Bolsas de cemento) se recuperó 315.30 Kg, de residuos 20% más a comparación de la recuperación sin un sistema de gestión que fue de 263.32 kg, producto del uso de 12 mil bolsas de cemento que fueron destinadas para realizar 1663.35 m3 de estructuras de concreto

Characterization of poly(acrylic) acid-modified heterogenous anion exchange membranes with improved monovalent permselectivity for RED

The performance of anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) in Reverse Electrodialysis is hampered by both presence of multivalent ions and fouling phenomena, thus leading to reduced net power density. Therefore, we propose a monolayer surface modification procedure to functionalize Ralex-AEMs with poly(acrylic) acid (PAA) in order to (i) render a monovalent permselectivity, and (ii) minimize organic fouling. Membrane surface modification was carried out by putting heterogeneous AEMs in contact with a PAA-based aqueous solution for 24 h. The resulting modified membranes were firstly characterized by contact angle, water uptake, ion exchange capacity, fixed charge density, and swelling degree measurements, whereas their electrochemical responses were evaluated through cyclic voltammetry. Besides, their membrane electro-resistance was also studied via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. Finally, membrane permselectivity and fouling behavior in the presence of humic acid were evaluated through mass transport experiments using model NaCl containing solutions. The use of modified PAA-AEMs resulted in a significantly enhanced monovalent permselectivity (sulfate rejection improved by >35%) and membrane hydrophilicity (contact angle decreased by >15%) in comparison with the behavior of unmodified Ralex-AEMs, without compromising the membrane electro-resistance after modification, thus demonstrating the technical feasibility of the proposed membrane modification procedure. This study may therefore provide a feasible way for achieving an improved Reverse Electrodialysis process efficiency.This research was funded by “Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa, na componente FEDER” and “Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, I.P.”. (FCT) through research project PTDC/EQU-EPQ/29579/2017. This work was also supported by the Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-LAQV, which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UID/QUI/50006/2019)

Control of Molecular weight and polydispersity in polyethylene/needle-like shaped clay nanocomposites obtained by in situ polymerization with metallocene catalysts

Producción CientíficaIn an effort to understand the influence of the shape and area of the nanoclay type used in the in situ polymerization process, two different types of clays (fibrillar and laminar) were employed to obtain nanocomposites. The preliminary results demonstrated that a needlelike shaped clay promotes higher molar mass and better mechanical properties compared with laminar clay. The ultra-high molecular weight of sepiolite/nanocomposites introduces significant problems with processability. Therefore, a new method of polymerization was designed to include two significant changes. The first change was related to the use of a non-isothermal temperature profile and the second to the addition of an additional amount of non-anchored co-catalyst leading to materials with higher fluidity.Ministerio de Economía y Competitivida

Murciano-Granadina goat performance and methane emission after replacing barley grain with fibrous by-products

[ES] El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar los efectos de la sustitución de grano de cebada en la dieta por pulpa de naranja o vainas de soja en el balance de nitrógeno y carbono, las emisiones de metano y el rendimiento de la producción de leche en cabras. Para ello, se seleccionaron doce cabras lecheras Murciano-Granadina y se dividieron en tres grupos basados en un peso corporal similar (42,1 ± 1,2 kg) y la producción de leche (2,16 ± 0,06 kg/cabra/día). El experimento se realizó en un diseño cruzado donde un grupo de cuatro cabras fue alimentado con una ración mixta de grano de cebada, en otro grupo de cuatro cabras se reemplazó el grano de cebada por pulpa de naranja y el último grupo de cuatro cabras se alimentó con soja. Después de la adaptación a las dietas, las cabras se establecieron en jaulas individuales y se analizaron las heces, la orina y la leche. Asimismo, las mediciones de intercambio gaseoso fueron registradas por un sistema móvil de calorimetría en circuito abierto. El consumo de materia seca fue similar en los tres grupos (2,03 kg/d, en promedio). No se observó ninguna influencia de la dieta en el balance energético. Las dietas basadas en pulpa de naranja y cascarilla de soja mostraron una mayor movilización de grasa que en el caso de grano de cebada. El ácido pentadecanoico y el ácido heptadecanoico fueron potenciales biomarcadores de la función del rumen debido a los contenidos más elevados encontrados en la leche de cabras con la dieta de pulpa de naranja y vainas de soja frente al detectado en las cabras con dieta de grano de cebada, lo que sugiere un impacto de estas dietas sobre el metabolismo bacteriano rumen. Esto probablemente esté relacionado con un suministro de nitrógeno inferior en el caso de la dieta de pulpa de naranja para sintetizar proteína microbiana y un mayor contenido de grasa en el caso de la dieta de cascarilla de soja. La sustitución de grano de cereal con subproductos fibrosos no aumentó las emisiones de metano (54,7 L/cabra por día, en promedio). Por lo tanto, se podría utilizar pulpa de naranja y cascarilla de soja en la dieta de las cabras lactantes sin tener un impacto negativo en el rendimiento de la producción de leche.[EN] The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of substituting dietary barley grain with orange pulp or soybean hulls on energy, nitrogen and carbon balance, methane emission and milk performance in dairy goats. Twelve Murciano-Granadina dairy goats in midlactation were selected and divided into three groups based on similar body weight (42.1 +/- 1.2 kg) and milk yield (2.16 +/- 0.060 kg/goat/day). The experiment was conducted in an incomplete crossover design where one group of four goats was fed a mixed ration of barley grain (BRL), another group of four goats replaced barley grain with orange pulp (OP) and the last group of four goats with soybean hulls (SH). After adaptation to diets, the goats were allocated to individual metabolism cages and intake, faeces, urine and milk were recorded and analysed. Then, gas exchange measurements were recorded by a mobile open-circuit indirect calorimetry system using a head box. Dry matter intake was similar for all three groups (2.03 kg/d, on average). No influence of the diet was observed for energy balance and the efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for milk production was 0.61. The OP and SH diets showed greater (P th Symposium on Energy Metabolism. EAAP. Publ. 11. Academic Press, London.Brouwer E (1958) On simple formulae for calculating the heat expenditure and the quantities of carbohydrate and fat metabolized in ruminants, from data on gaseous exchange and urine N. Pages 182–194 in Proc. 1th Symposium on Energy Metabolism. EAAP. Publ. 8. Academic Press, London.Chwalibog, A., Tauson, A.-H., & Thorbek, G. (1997). Quantitative oxidation of nutrients in growing calves. Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft, 36(4), 313-316. doi:10.1007/bf01617806Casper, D. P., Maiga, H. A., Brouk, M. J., & Schingoethe, D. J. (1999). Synchronization of Carbohydrate and Protein Sources on Fermentation and Passage Rates in Dairy Cows,,. Journal of Dairy Science, 82(8), 1779-1790. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75408-1Aguilera, J. F., Prieto, C., & FonollÁ, J. (1990). Protein and energy metabolism of lactating Granadina goats. British Journal of Nutrition, 63(2), 165-175. doi:10.1079/bjn19900104Tovar-Luna, I., Puchala, R., Sahlu, T., Freetly, H. C., & Goetsch, A. L. (2010). Effects of stage of lactation and dietary concentrate level on energy utilization by Alpine dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(10), 4818-4828. doi:10.3168/jds.2010-3315Bava, L., Rapetti, L., Crovetto, G. M., Tamburini, A., Sandrucci, A., Galassi, G., & Succi, G. (2001). Effects of a Nonforage Diet on Milk Production, Energy, and Nitrogen Metabolism in Dairy Goats throughout Lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(11), 2450-2459. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74695-4López, M. C., & Fernández, C. (2013). Energy partitioning and substrate oxidation by Murciano-Granadina goats during mid lactation fed soy hulls and corn gluten feed blend as a replacement for corn grain. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(7), 4542-4552. doi:10.3168/jds.2012-6473Palmquist, D. L., & Jenkins, T. C. (1980). Fat in Lactation Rations : Review. Journal of Dairy Science, 63(1), 1-14. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(80)82881-5Kebreab E, Strathe AB, Dijkstra J, Mills JAN, Reynolds CK, Crompton LA, et al. (2010) Energy and protein interactions and their effects on nitrogen excretion in dairy cows. Pages 417–426 in Symp. on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, Parma, Italy.Chilliard, Y., Ferlay, A., Rouel, J., & Lamberet, G. (2003). A Review of Nutritional and Physiological Factors Affecting Goat Milk Lipid Synthesis and Lipolysis. Journal of Dairy Science, 86(5), 1751-1770. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73761-8Vlaeminck, B., Fievez, V., Cabrita, A. R. J., Fonseca, A. J. M., & Dewhurst, R. J. (2006). Factors affecting odd- and branched-chain fatty acids in milk: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 131(3-4), 389-417. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.017Fievez, V., Colman, E., Castro-Montoya, J. M., Stefanov, I., & Vlaeminck, B. (2012). Milk odd- and branched-chain fatty acids as biomarkers of rumen function—An update. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 172(1-2), 51-65. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.008Vlaeminck, B., Gervais, R., Rahman, M. M., Gadeyne, F., Gorniak, M., Doreau, M., & Fievez, V. (2015). Postruminal synthesis modifies the odd- and branched-chain fatty acid profile from the duodenum to milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(7), 4829-4840. doi:10.3168/jds.2014-9207Jorjong, S., van Knegsel, A. T. M., Verwaeren, J., Bruckmaier, R. M., De Baets, B., Kemp, B., & Fievez, V. (2015). Milk fatty acids as possible biomarkers to diagnose hyperketonemia in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(8), 5211-5221. doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8728Ulbricht, T. L. V., & Southgate, D. A. T. (1991). Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors. The Lancet, 338(8773), 985-992. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91846-mKnapp, J. R., Laur, G. L., Vadas, P. A., Weiss, W. P., & Tricarico, J. M. (2014). Invited review: Enteric methane in dairy cattle production: Quantifying the opportunities and impact of reducing emissions. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(6), 3231-3261. doi:10.3168/jds.2013-7234Angelidaki, I., & Sanders, W. (2004). Assessment of the anaerobic biodegradability of macropollutants. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 3(2), 117-129. doi:10.1007/s11157-004-2502-3Velthof, G. L., Nelemans, J. A., Oenema, O., & Kuikman, P. J. (2005). Gaseous Nitrogen and Carbon Losses from Pig Manure Derived from Different Diets. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34(2), 698-706. doi:10.2134/jeq2005.0698Jarret, G., Cozannet, P., Martinez, J., & Dourmad, J. Y. (2011). Effect of different quality wheat dried distiller’s grain solubles (DDGS) in pig diets on composition of excreta and methane production from faeces and slurry. Livestock Science, 140(1-3), 275-282. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2011.04.006Triolo, J. M., Sommer, S. G., Møller, H. B., Weisbjerg, M. R., & Jiang, X. Y. (2011). A new algorithm to characterize biodegradability of biomass during anaerobic digestion: Influence of lignin concentration on methane production potential. Bioresource Technology, 102(20), 9395-9402. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.026Klevenhusen, F., Kreuzer, M., & Soliva, C. R. (2010). Enteric and manure-derived methane and nitrogen emissions as well as metabolic energy losses in cows fed balanced diets based on maize, barley or grass hay. animal, 5(03), 450-461. doi:10.1017/s1751731110001795SPEK, J. W., DIJKSTRA, J., VAN DUINKERKEN, G., & BANNINK, A. (2012). A review of factors influencing milk urea concentration and its relationship with urinary urea excretion in lactating dairy cattle. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 151(3), 407-423. doi:10.1017/s0021859612000561Van Knegsel, A. T. M., van den Brand, H., Dijkstra, J., van Straalen, W. M., Heetkamp, M. J. W., Tamminga, S., & Kemp, B. (2007). Dietary Energy Source in Dairy Cows in Early Lactation: Energy Partitioning and Milk Composition. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(3), 1467-1476. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)71632-

Membrane particles from mesenchymal stromal cells reduce the expression of fibrotic markers on pulmonary cells

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating lung disease with limited treatment options in which the telomere shortening is a strong predictive factor of poor prognosis. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) administration is probed in several experimental induced lung pathologies; however, MSC might stimulate fibrotic processes. A therapy that avoids MSC side effects of transformation would be an alternative to the use of living cells. Membranes particles (MP) are nanovesicles artificially generated from the membranes of MSC containing active enzymes involved in ECM regeneration. We aimed to investigate the anti-fibrotic role of MP derived from MSC in an in vitro model of pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: Epithelial cells (A549) and lung fibroblasts, from IPF patients with different telomere length, were co-cultured with MP and TGF-β for 48h and gene expression of major pro-fibrotic markers were analyzed. Results: About 90% of both types of cells effectively took up MP without cytotoxic effects. MP decreased the expression of profibrotic proteins such as Col1A1, Fibronectin and PAI-1, in A549 cells. In fibroblasts culture, there was a different response in the inhibitory effect of MP on some pro-fibrotic markers when comparing fibroblast from normal telomere length patients (FN) versus short telomere length (FS), but both types showed an inhibition of Col1A1, Tenascin-c, PAI-1 and MMP-1 gene expression after MP treatment