Innovationsprozessdarstellungen der Industrieunternehmungen im Internet : eine empirische Untersuchung der dargestellten, veröffentlichten Innovationsprozesse der Industrie auf ihrer Webseite

Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt sich mit dem Thema Innovationsprozesse auseinander und zeigt die unterschiedlichsten Modelle und Vorgehensweisen auf. Im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung steht die Primäranalyse der inhaltsanalytischen Untersuchung der Webseiten von Unternehmen im Internet. Die Arbeit ist in einen theoretischen und praktischen, empirischen Teil gegliedert. Das Ergebnis der qualitativen Auswertung der gefundenen Innovationsprozesse auf den Webseiten der Unternehmen zeigt mögliche Entwicklungen für weiterführende Untersuchungen auf

Fingerpicking/Fingerstyle: A Musicological Uncovering of a Neglected Guitar Technique

Fingerpicking – or the synonymously used term ”˜fingerstyle’ – is a way of playing the guitar that developed in the USA around 1900 and that imitates the piano ragtime. To date, there are hardly any systematic accounts of either the history or the instrumental realization of fingerpicking. This absence of research on the topic is contrasted by a wealth of teaching material on fingerpicking, ranging from arranged classical pieces to popular guitar accompaniment. It is possible that the umbrella term ”˜fingerpicking’ is a selling point when it comes to teaching material; however, the term is usually attributed without serious attention to the historical tradition of fingerpicking. This is one of the reasons for why it is desirable to conduct detailed research on the history and characteristics of this technique, which should lead to increasing the technical and artistic understanding of it among musicians.In addition to a discussion of terminology and definitions, my paper will show when, where, how, and why fingerpicking came into being and where its musical roots are. Portraits of influential fingerpicking musicians provide the historical framework for this talk; furthermore, they serve to show regional differences in the practical uses of the technique. By looking at both theory and practice, I will elaborate on the genres in which fingerpicking is used and where it stands in relation to improvisation. Interviews with renowned national (i.e., Austrian) and international fingerpickers serve to illuminate the contemporary practice of fingerpicking as well as its history and its future from the viewpoint of practitioners.My aim is to show that, fundamentally, fingerpicking is not regular guitar accompaniment as it is understood in popular music; rather, it is a sophisticated and often virtuoso guitar technique that spans many musical genres and styles. This paper strives to raise awareness of fingerpicking as a promising research field and to inspire musicologists to continue research in this field

The Solvent–Solid Interface of Acid Catalysts Studied by High Resolution MAS NMR

High-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR spectroscopy was used to study the effect of mixed solvent systems on the acidity at the solid−liquid interface of solid acid catalysts. A method was developed that can exploit benefits of both solution and solid-state NMR (SSNMR) by wetting porous solids with small volumes of liquids (μL/mg) to create an interfacial liquid that exhibits unique motional dynamics intermediate to an isotropic liquid and a rigid solid. Results from these experiments provide information about the influence of the solvent mixtures on the acidic properties at a solid−liquid interface. Importantly, use of MAS led to spectra with full resolution between water in an acidic environment and that of bulk water. Using mixed solvent systems, the chemical shift of water was used to compare the relative acidity as a function of the hydration level of the DMSO-d6 solvent. Nonlinear increasing acidity was observed as the DMSO-d6 became more anhydrous. 1H HR-MAS NMR experiments on a variety of supported sulfonic acid functionalized materials, suggest that the acid strength and number of acid sites correlates to the degree of broadening of the peaks in the 1H NMR spectra. When the amount of liquid added to the solid is increased (corresponding to a thicker liquid layer), fully resolved water phases were observed. This suggests that the acidic proton was localized predominantly within a 2 nm distance from the solid. EXSY 1H−1H 2D experiments of the thin layers were used to determine the rate of proton exchange for different catalytic materials. These results demonstrated the utility of using (SSNMR) on solid−liquid mixtures to selectively probe catalyst surfaces under realistic reaction conditions for condensed phase systems

Effects of chloride ions in acid-catalyzed biomass dehydration reactions in polar aprotic solvents

The use of polar aprotic solvents in acid-catalyzed biomass conversion reactions can lead to improved reaction rates and selectivities. We show that further increases in catalyst performance in polar aprotic solvents can be achieved through the addition of inorganic salts, specifically chlorides. Reaction kinetics studies of the Brønsted acid-catalyzed dehydration of fructose to hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) show that the use of catalytic concentrations of chloride salts leads to a 10-fold increase in reactivity. Furthermore, increased HMF yields can be achieved using polar aprotic solvents mixed with chlorides. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations (AIMD) show that highly localized negative charge on Cl− allows the chloride anion to more readily approach and stabilize the oxocarbenium ion that forms and the deprotonation transition state. High concentrations of polar aprotic solvents form local hydrophilic environments near the reactive hydroxyl group which stabilize both the proton and chloride anions and promote the dehydration of fructose