Social Enterprises in Asia: An Introductory Guide

Over the decades, social enterprises (SEs) have gained increased recognition for their ability to bring about fair and equitable social transformations. Their unique models provide an additional mode of engagement for individuals and institutions interested in addressing social issues.Social enterprises (SEs) take the form of a non-profit or for-profit and vary in size and structure but what unites all SEs is their business approach to social change. Instead of maximizing profits, SEs apply market practices to maximizing impact and strive to optimize finances in support of their social or environmental missions. SEs form an integral role in a larger social innovation sector -- they act as on-the-ground implementers of social solutions.Early social entrepreneurs in Asia tended to be foreigners or returning patriates, but homegrown Asian social entrepreneurs are now more common. Some of the world's largest and most well known SEs, like Grameen Bank and BRAC Enterprises, got their start in Asia.It is difficult to state the number of SEs there are in Asia since SEs are so diverse in their nature and scope of activities. Because of the relatively recent introduction of the term, many organizations may not even self-identify as a social enterprise even though they function as one.As Asia continues to undergo drastic social, demographic, and economic changes, SEs can play a role to ensure that future Asian growth is inclusive and sustainable. SEs reach underserved communities, linking them to products and services that enhance their quality of life and income generation ability. However, a number of issues must be addressed before SEs can become a part of mainstream Asian economies and societies

Error-related scalp potentials elicited by hand and foot movements : evidence for an output-independent error-processing system in humans

The error-related negativity (ERN) is a fronto-centrally distributed component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) that occurs when human subjects make errors in a variety of experimental tasks. In the present study, we recorded ERPs from 128 scalp electrodes while subjects performed a choice reaction time task using either their hands or feet. We applied the brain electric source analysis technique to compare ERNs elicited by hand and foot errors. The scalp distributions of these error potentials suggest that they share the same neural generator and, therefore, that the ERN process is output-independent. Together with other findings, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the ERN is generated within the anterior cingulate cortex and is elicited by the activation of a generic error-processing system. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd

Vigour assessment in Pinus radiata D. Don seeds : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in seed technology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

The sensitivity and/or predictivity of various vigour test methods (which include conductivity, tetrazolium, x-ray contrast, seedling growth, controlled deterioration, complex stressing vigour, and low temperature/osmotic stress tests) for prepared lots of Pinus radiata seeds were investigated in this study. The best tests were the controlled deterioration test with two days aging treatment (CD2d) test), the prechilled seedling growth test (SG+pr test), and the complex stressing vigour test (CSV test). These were then further investigated to evaluate their ability to predict the performance of different seed lots at the Forest Research Institute (FRI) nursery, Rotorua. The CD2d, SG + pr and CSV tests showed good correlation, especially with percentage of plan table seedlings at the FRI nursery. In addition, these tests seem to have met most of the AOSA's (1983) criteria for a practical vigour testing, as they are simple and can be done in a relatively short period of time. For application purposes, it is suggested that the test parameters which gave the highest correlation coefficient value with percentage of plan table seedlings in the nursery should be used as a reliable measurement. Therefore, percentage normal seedlings should be used in either the CD2d or the CSV test, whereas T50 radicle emergence seems more predictive in the SG+pr test. For application in other nurseries, these tests may still be valid, especially if pre-sowing treatment and nursery conditions are about the same as in the FRI nursery. If conditions do differ, however, the CD2d and SG + pr tests are more likely to be useful than the CSV test. This hypothesis is based on the fact that the CD2d and SG + pr tests also gave good correlations with the glasshouse (optimum conditions) and winter field tests (sub-optimum conditions). In contrast, there was no significant correlation given by the CSV test in relation to the glasshouse and winter field tests. Seed weight had a significant effect on seedling dry weight and Tso radicle emergence if there was a large seed weight variation between seed lots. In this case, generally heavier seeds had better performance than the lighter ones. If there was only small variation in overall seed weight among seed lots, however, the important effects of individual differences in seed weights were masked. The direction of further studies would seem to be to evaluate the reproducibility of correlation coefficient values and regression equations by the CD2d, SG + pr and CSV tests in the same nursery site over several sowings. Additionally, vigour test evaluation using seed lots from individual clones would also seem to be important

SENSITIFITAS INDIKATOR KESELURUHAN MULTIKOLINEARITAS DALAM MODEL REGRESI LINEAR MULTIPEL

Makalah ini menyajikan indikator keseluruhan multikolinearitas, yaitu Bilangan Kondisi (Belsley dkk., 1980), indikator Red (Kovacs P., Petres T.,Toth L., 2005), indikator DEF (Curto J.D., Pinto J.C., 2007). Bilangan Kondisi mengandung unsur nilai eigen dari matriks korelasi variabel bebas, indikator Red memungkinkan kita mengkuantifikasi persentase kolinearitas dari 0% sampai dengan 100%, indikator DEF diperoleh berdasarkan pada koefisien jalur, yang memungkinkan kita menilai pengaruh langsung maupun tak langsung dari satu variabel terhadap variabel lainnya. Dengan simulasi replikasi 1000 kali diperoleh proporsi kemunculan /terjadinya multikolinearitas dari indikator-indikator multikolinearitas keseluruhan, kemudian dari grafik fungsi indikator Red, DEF dan bilangan kondisi dapat dilihat sensitifitas dari masing-masing indikator. Kata kunci : Regresi Linear Multipel; indikator multikolinearitas; matriks korelasi; analisis jalur

SKRINING FITOKIMIA TANAMAN HERBAL INDONESIA MENGGUNAKAN MOLECULAR DOCKING SEBAGAI ANTAGONIS HEPSIDIN PADA ANEMIA DEFISIENSI BESI

ABSTRAK Dien Adiparadana, G 0011074, 2014. Skrining Fitokimia Tanaman Herbal Indonesia menggunakan Molecular Docking sebagai Antagonis Hepsidin pada Anemia Defisiensi Besi. Skripsi. Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret. Surakarta. Latar Belakang: Anemia Defisiensi Besi (ADB) merupakan anemia yang paling sering dijumpai baik di klinik maupun di masyarakat. Pada ADB ditemukan beberapa mutasi pada gen yang mengatur zat besi. Mutasi pada TMPRSS6 menyebabkan ADB yang tidak responsif terhadap zat besi oral. Gen TMPRSS6 berfungsi untuk mengkode enzim Matriptase-2 yang berperan meregulasi hepsidin. Hepsidin merupakan protein yang penting untuk homeostasis besi. Indonesia memiliki lebih dari 2.000 tanaman obat yang memiliki berbagai macam khasiat dan manfaat yang berbeda-beda. Beberapa tumbuhan memiliki fitokimia yang berpotensi sebagai antagonis hepsidin. Fitokimia tersebut diskrining menggunakan metode molecular docking. Metode ini dapat digunakan untuk menskrining fitokimia sebagai antagonis hepsidin pada anemia defisiensi besi. Metode Penelitian: Rancangan penelitian ini adalah studi biokomputasi dan telah dilakukan di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret pada Agustus- Desember 2014. Sampel diambil secara purposive sampling. Semua sampel didocking- kan dengan program Autodock Vina pada software PyRx. Sampel hasil docking kemudian dibandingkan dengan kuat ikat obat standar yaitu Fursulthiamine. Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu dengan membandingkan kuat ikatan fitokimia sampel dengan obat standar dan daerah ikatan fitokimia sampel. Hasil Penelitian: 44 sampel dari 1.235 memiliki kuat ikatan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan obat standar Fursulthiamine. Obat Fursulthamine memiliki kuat ikatan -6,7 kcal/mol. Kuat ikatan fitokimia tertinggi memiliki nilai -9,3 kcal/mol dan terendah memiliki nilai -6,8 kcal/mol. Keseluruhan 44 sampel memiliki kemampuan berikatan dengan Cys326 yang merupakan residue untuk menghambatnya interaksi ferroportin dan hepsidin. Simpulan: Molecular Docking dapat digunakan sebagai skrining awal ratusan fitokimia tanaman menjadi lebih sedikit. Dengan molecular docking didapatkan 44 fitokimia dari 1.235 yang kemungkinan berpotensi untuk mengantagonis hepsidin. Penelitian ini masih memerlukan tahap penelitian lebih lanjut. Penelitian in vitro pada hewan diperlukan untuk membuktikan keefektifan fitokimia tersebut . Kata kunci: Fitokimia, hepsidin, molecular dockin

Voluntary assisted dying: A gagging clause that undermines respect for autonomy and the doctor-patient relationship

Voluntary assisted dying has long been a controversial topic. Nevertheless, Victoria and Western Australia became one of the first states in Australia to legislate and permit voluntary assisted dying. With the new voluntary assisted dying laws coming into effect, the debate becomes less focused on whether such laws are morally right or wrong to justify legalisation but on which legislative framework is better. The voluntary assisted dying laws clearly outlines stringent requirements for a person to access voluntary assisted dying. However, one particular provision dictates when doctors can and cannot disclose voluntary assisted dying information to a person, which can affect a person’s ability to access voluntary assisted dying (‘the prohibition provision’). There is currently no judicial decision or commentary on the scope and application of the prohibition provision. Therefore, this Thesis will examine and determine the scope and application of the prohibition provision. The Victorian and Western Australian prohibition provision model differs from one another. There is no literature that thoroughly examines the differences between the two prohibition provisions, nor is there empirical data to indicate which model operates better in medical practice. This Thesis will adopt a comparative approach against a framework drawn upon the concepts of autonomy and the doctor-patient relationship. Those concepts will be solidified through the Australian common law, the Medical Code, and the voluntary assisted dying legislation. Overall, this Thesis will conclude that the Victorian model undermines respect for autonomy and the doctor-patient relationship. In contrast, the Western Australian model supports respect for autonomy and the doctor-patient relationship

Aluminum, Silicon, Phosphorus And Sulfur K- And L-edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Of Minerals And Glasses: Applications In Mineralogy And Geochemistry

Al, Si, P and S K- and L-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of a large selection of metal sulfide and silicate minerals and some glasses have been studied using monochromatized synchrotron radiation.;S K- and L-edge XANES spectra of metal sulfides are qualitatively interpreted based on MO/energy band models, reveal the DOS of unoccupied S s-, p- and d-like states, provide new insight into the electronic structure of the conduction band, and demonstrate the bonding interaction of metal d electrons with S 3s and 3p electrons. The S K- and L-edges shift to high energy with increase in oxidation state of sulfur from sulfides to sulfur, sulfite and sulfates, and also with increase in energy gap and decrease in reflectivity of metal sulfides.;Si K- and L-edge and Al K-edge XANES of silica polymorphs, silicate and aluminosilicate minerals are interpreted based on the qualitative MO calculation of MO{dollar}\sb4{dollar} and MO{dollar}\sb6{dollar} (M = Si{dollar}\sp{lcub}4+{rcub}{dollar} and Al{dollar}\sp{lcub}3+{rcub}){dollar} clusters, multiple scattering effects, and comparison with the spectra of model gas phase molecules. Four- and six-coordinated Si and Al in minerals can Se unambiguously distinguished based on the chemical shift of the edge features. The chemical shifts of the Si K- and L-edges and Al K-edge also correlate with the polymerization of the MO, clusters, substitution of Al for Si, M-O bond distance, bond valence, distortion of the polyhedra and cation compositions of the second coordination shell. Al K-edge spectra can now be used to determine the distribution of Al between tetrahedral and octahedral sites in minerals and glasses.;Precious opals are shown to contain structural units of amorphous and crystalline cristobalite, the proportions of which can be estimated semi-quantitatively, using the Si K- and L-edge spectra. Si and P K- and L-edge XANES spectra of SiO{dollar}\sb2{dollar}-P{dollar}\rm\sb2O\sb5{dollar} and Na{dollar}\sb2{dollar}O-SiO{dollar}\sb2{dollar}-P{dollar}\rm\sb2O\sb5{dollar} glass systems with P{dollar}\rm\sb2O\sb5\leq30{dollar} mol% show that Na{dollar}\sb2{dollar}O depolymerizes silicate melts, PO{dollar}\sbsp{lcub}4{rcub}{lcub}3-{rcub}{dollar} copolymerizes the silicate melts; and the speciation of P in these systems are monophosphate, pyrophosphate and metaphosphates with different chain length, depending on the content of P{dollar}\rm\sb2O\sb5.{dollar

Implementation of computer simulation tools for process and layout planning / Emilia Dien

For few decades, Information Technology (ICT) had merged into the manufacturing virtual reality software development technology. The virtual reality manufacturing software solution had becoming important tools in manufacturing production system layout, datasheet, designing, simulation and others. The software development has simplified, facilitated and eased human being in the manual job. This final year project intends to use DELMIA Process Planning (DPE) software Version D5 Release 19 (VD5R19) solution for pre-process planning and resource simulation tools and DELMIA QUEST simulation Version D5 Release 19 (VD5R19) for the three dimensions (3D) factory layout simulation method. Investigation was conducted using actual data collected from Autokeen Sdn Bhd manufacturing production plant, vendor for PROTON and PERODUA by focusing on the welding department production line. By using the data collected from the industry, the production line in welding department has been simulated using QUEST and DELMIA Process Engineer in term of the production line layout and pre-planning process. The implementation for both softwares was used to generate possible improvement to the current actual production process at Autokeen Sdn Bhd manufacturing plant. The simulation results for the both softwares solution had been analyzed and compared accordingly to the actual production process result which had lead to some discussions and recommendations