Differential Geometry and Macroscopic Descriptions in Nonequilibrium Process

The method of Riemannian geometry is fruitful in equilibrium thermodynamics. From the theory of fluctuations it has been possible to construct a metric for the space of thermodynamic equilibrium states. Inspired by these geometric elements, we will discuss the geometric-differential approach of nonequilibrium systems. In particular we will study the geometric aspects from the knowledge of the macroscopic potential associated with the Uhlenbeck-Ornstein (UO) nonequilibrium process. Assuming the geodesic curve as an optimal path and using the affine connection, known as α-connection, we will study the conditions under which a diffusive process can be considered optimal. We will also analyze the impact of this behavior on the entropy of the system, relating these results with studies of instabilities in diffusive processes

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe

Caminando entre huellas de Yariguíes : la gente y la ciencia en la gestión temprana de la restauración ecológica del área protegida.

El Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de los Yariguíes, ubicado en el sur occidente del departamento de Santander, es quizás el último relicto de bosque andino conservado que existe en la región. Si bien, se ha avanzado en el conocimiento de su diversidad biológica, existen limitados estudios sobre su flanco oriental, donde la agricultura y la ganadería han sido históricamente las principales actividades culturales realizadas por las comunidades locales. Debido al avance en la estrategia de conservación del área protegida mediante el saneamiento predial, múltiples áreas del Parque en el que se han abandonado las actividades de uso de la tierra (p. ej.: actividades agropecuarias), representan hoy un nuevo desafío para la conservación en procura de controlar los factores tensionantes y limitantes de estas áreas; y es aquí, donde Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia ha planteado la aplicación de la restauración ecológica como herramienta de conservación de la biodiversidad. ECOPETROL S. A. y la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), han aunado esfuerzos para contribuir con la conservación del PNN Serranía de Los Yariguíes, a través de inversión de recursos de compensación ambiental y presenta los primeros resultados de este trabajo a través del libro: “Caminando entre huellas de Yariguíes: La gente y la ciencia en la gestión temprana de la restauración ecológica del área protegida”, que surge como una propuesta editorial del Convenio 5211740 de 2012, entre la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia y ECOPETROL S.A. El libro está conformado por seis capítulos, escritos por 28 investigadores y expertos locales en cada una de las temáticas, quienes han dedicado sus esfuerzos, tiempo y conocimiento a desarrollar esta idea, con el objetivo de avanzar en el conocimiento sobre los mecanismos y técnicas de restauración más apropiadas para el área protegida, en su flanco oriental, sobre el municipio de Hato. Por lo tanto, se espera que los datos científicos registrados y el conocimiento local valorado para la restauración, aquí expuestos, sean un primer referente en el desarrollo de nuevas iniciativas de restauración en el sector oriental del Parque Nacional y como reconocimiento a su valor intrínseco, a su belleza paisajística, a su biodiversidad, a su gente antigua y a su gente reciente

Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

International audienceAbstract Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29–39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance

Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c

: Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified