Why vocal production of atypical sounds in apes and its cerebral correlates have a lot to say about the origin of language

Ackermann et al. mentioned the "acquisition of species-atypical sounds" in apes without any discussions. In our commentary, we demonstrate that these atypical sounds in chimpanzees not only include laryngeal sounds but also have a major significance regarding the origins of language, if we consider looking at their context of use, their social properties, their relations with gestures, their lateralization and their neurofunctional correlates as well

Baboons' hand preference resists to spatial factors for a communicative gesture but not for a simple manipulative action

International audienceOlive baboons (Papio anubis) do acquire and use intentional requesting gestures in experimental contexts. Individual's hand preference for these gestures is consistent with that observed for typical communicative gestures, but not for manipulative actions. Here, we examine whether the strength of hand preference may also be a good marker of hemispheric specialization for communicative gestures, hence differing from the strength of hand preference for manipulative actions. We compared the consistency of individuals' hand preference with regard to the variation in space of either (i) a communicative partner or (ii) a food item to grasp using a controlled set-up. We report more consistent hand preference for communicative gestures than for grasping actions. Established hand preference in the midline was stronger for gesturing than for grasping and allowed to predict the consistency of hand preference across positions. We found no significant relation between the direction of hand preference and the task. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 651-661, 2013

Olive baboons, Papio anubis, adjust their visual and auditory intentional gestures to the visual attention of others

International audienceAlthough nonhuman primates' gestural communication is often considered to be a likely precursor of human language, the intentional properties in this communicative system have not yet been entirely elucidated. In particular, little is known about the intentional nature of monkeys' gestural signalling and related social understanding. We investigated whether olive baboons can (1) adjust their requesting gestures to the visual attention of the experimenter with special emphasis on the state of the eyes (open versus closed), and (2) flexibly tailor visual and auditory-based gestures to elaborate their communication as a function of whether or not the experimenter can see them. Using a food-requesting paradigm, we found monkeys able to favour either visual or auditory-based requesting gestures to match the experimenter's visual attention. Crucially, when the human was not visually attending, they silenced visual gestures to some extent but performed more attention-getting gestures. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of monkeys elaborating attention-getting signals to compensate for communication breakdown. Gestural communication was also supported by gaze alternation between the experimenter's face and the food, especially when the human was visually attending. These findings offer evidence that olive baboons understand the state of the eyes in others' visual attention and use requesting gestures intentionally. They emphasize that Old World monkeys shift to acoustic communication when the recipient is not visually attending. In contrast to that of human infants and great apes, this acoustic communication is purely gestural, not vocal

Public relations and political controversy: a case study of the Assembly of Turkish American Associations\u27 public relations campaign regarding the Ottoman Empire\u27s deportation of the Armenians

An organization will almost always use persuasive communication tactics to influence public opinion. Persuasive communication tactics can be either pubic relations or propaganda. The definitions of both public relations and propaganda, as well as a study of the relevant models, reveals that neither practice heavily stresses the importance of social responsibility. Using the importance of social responsibility in honest persuasive communication tactics, this qualitative case study of the Assembly of Turkish American Associations’ (ATAA) determined that the efforts of the ATAA’s persuasive communication efforts are in line with the methods of propaganda, as stated in the operational definition of propaganda and in the objectives of the synthesized propaganda model

Becoming Malala: A Discourse Analysis of Western and Middle Eastern Print and Broadcast Coverage of Malala Yousafzai from 2012-2017

Deutsch Wells’ Kyle McKinnon called her the “most famous teenager in the world” (McKinnon, 2013). Her name is Malala Yousafzai, and at the age of 14 she stood up to the Taliban for threatening her right to an education and was shot in the head. In less than a decade, she became one of the youngest and most influential activists, known to the world simply as Malala. As a Middle Easterner, Muslim and “media darling,” Malala is no doubt an interesting activist to study. This discourse analysis examined the media coverage of Malala in Western and Pakistani media from 2012-2017; as these were the years that Malala was shot, rose to international fame, won the Nobel Peace Prize and co-founded the Malala Fund. This study is important because it examined whether the Western media’s coverage of Malala and her activism reinforced or broke with the commonly held stereotypes of Muslim and Pakistani society, and whether the Pakistani media’s coverage of Malala and her activism reinforced or broke with commonly held stereotypes of the West. Using the theoretical frameworks of Orientalism and Occidentalism, the researcher examined Western discourse in The New York Times, The Washington Post, CNN and BBC, as well as Pakistani discourse in the Daily Times and Dawn. The researcher concluded that while the print coverage reinforced the stereotypical views of Muslim and Pakistani society, the broadcast coverage broke from the stereotypical views of Muslim and Pakistani society, positioning Malala as an international activist. Lastly, the researcher concluded that Pakistani media portrayed Malala as a victim, heroine, and agent of the West, but ultimately as the “daughter of the nation.

Structured bimanual actions and hand transfers reveal population-level right-handedness in captive gorillas

There is a common prevailing perception that humans possess a species-unique population-level right-hand bias that has evolutionary links with language. New theories suggest that an early evolutionary division of cognitive function gave rise to a left-hemisphere bias for behaviours underpinned by structured sequences of actions. However, studies of great ape handedness have generated inconsistent results and considerable debate. Additionally, the literature places a heavy focus on chimpanzees, revealing a paucity of handedness findings from other great ape species, and thus limiting the empirical evidence with which we can evaluate evolutionary theory. We observed handedness during spontaneous naturalistic bimanual actions in a captive, biological group of 13 western lowland gorillas, Gorilla gorilla gorilla. Our results demonstrated a significant group-level right-handed bias for bimanual actions as well as for a novel measure of handedness: hand transfer. The two measures revealed similar patterns of handedness, such that a right-hand bias for the majority of individuals was found across both measures. Our findings suggest that human population-level right-handedness is a behavioural trait linked with left-hemisphere dominance for the processing of structured sequences of actions, and was inherited by a common ancestor of both humans and apes

A Case of Unresectable Rectal Necrosis

Introduction. Necrosis of the rectum is an uncommon finding due to abundant collateral vasculature. Its management remains challenging, without clear consensus in the literature. Case Report. We describe a case of a 53-year-old woman with multiple medical comorbidities that presented in septic shock and hematochezia. Colonoscopy revealed ischemic colitis. Conservative management was instituted. At two weeks, she presented evidence of peritonitis. Exploratory laparotomy revealed extensive necrosis of the left colon and rectum. Due to dense inflammation, resection was deemed unsafe. Therefore, a transverse ostomy with mucosal fistula was preformed. Multiple drains were left in place. The patient healed uneventfully. Conclusion. This case illustrates that, if extensive dissection of the distal colon and rectum is unsafe due to the patient's critical condition or technical feasibility, then a diverting ostomy of the proximal viable bowel along with a mucus fistula and good drainage of the abdomen represents an acceptable alternative

Instrumentos de mensuração do clima escolar: análise crítica

A comunidade científica, nacional e internacional, vem dedicando esforços para mensurar o chamado Clima Escolar. Identificado por meta-análises como fator relevante tanto para o aprendizado dos estudantes, quanto para outros fatores do processo de educação escolar, essa produção de conhecimento tem focado energia no desenvolvimento de diferentes escalas e a realização de estudos empíricos. Ao mesmo tempo, grande polissemia envolvendo o conceito Clima Escolar e baixa capacidade de comparabilidade são identificadas por revisões sistemáticas como problemas. Dessa maneira, esta pesquisa se propôs a contribuir por meio do desenvolvimento de protocolo de Análise de Conteúdo, que foi aplicado nos dois instrumentos mais usados em estudos brasileiros, segundo levantamento bibliográfico das teses e dissertações de 2013 a 2023: GEPEM (VINHA et al., 2017) e o instrumento adaptado Delaware School Climate Survey-Student (DSCS-S), (HOLST, 2015). Com isso, suportado pela Teoria Crítica, buscou, por meio do escrutínio dos itens, entender a natureza, conteúdo e tratamento dos fatos da dinâmica da vida escolar sobre os quais os sujeitos são estimulados a responder. Conseguiu se, assim, fazer emergir de maneira comparável elementos dos constructos, superando a análise entre declarações dos conceitos e suas dimensões, que têm se mostrado pouco eficaz, segundo a revisão bibliográfica. Partiu-se das hipóteses de que os instrumentos apresentam características comuns, porém, ao mesmo tempo, divergências estruturantes que poderiam conviver se as visões educacionais que orientam tais instrumentos fossem declaradas, mas que acabam fragmentando campo e gerando baixo nível de comparabilidade quando não explicitadas. Além disso, de que a ausência de questões essenciais das relações sociais vividas nas escolas brasileiras fragiliza a capacidade dos instrumentos capturarem tensões existentes nas unidades de ensino, gerando a noção de normalidade das interações e eficiência das instituições escolares. As hipóteses foram validadas e somadas ao fato da identificação de itens com traços uniformizantes e padronizadores ser relevante – principalmente quando questionários tratam de aspectos e práticas de caráter institucional e formal. Dessa forma, protocolo mostrou-se adequado e pode ser utilizado para analisar outros instrumentos, viabilizando comparação de um número maior de constructosThe scientific community, both nationally and internationally, has devoted itself to measuring the so-called school climate. As it has been identified in meta-analyzes as a relevant factor for both student learning and other factors in the school educational process, this knowledge production has focused on developing various scales and conducting empirical studies. At the same time, the systematic reviews identified the great complexity of the school climate concept and the low comparability as problems. In this sense, this research proposed to contribute through the development of a content analysis protocol applied to the two most used instruments in Brazilian studies, as shown in a bibliographic review of theses and dissertations from 2013 to 2023: GEPEM (VINHA et al., 2017) and the adapted Delaware School Climate Survey Student (DSCS-S) instrument, (HOLST, 2015). With this, supported by Critical Theory, we sought to understand the nature, content, and treatment of the facts of school life dynamics about which subjects are asked to respond by examining the items. In this way, it was possible to make the items of the constructs comparable and to overcome the analysis between the explanations of the concepts and their dimensions, which were found to be ineffective according to the literature review. The starting point was the hypothesis that while the instruments share common features, they also share structural divergences that could coexist if the pedagogical visions guiding these instruments were explained, but which ultimately lead to a fragmentation of the field and generate a low level of comparability if not made explicit. In addition, the absence of essential aspects of social relations in Brazilian schools weakens the instruments' ability to capture the tensions existing in classroom units and generate the notion of the normality of interactions and the efficiency of school institutions. The hypotheses were confirmed and it was added that the identification of items with unifying and standardizing characteristics is relevant – especially when the questionnaires deal with aspects and practices of an institutional and formal nature. Therefore, the protocol was found to be appropriate and can be used to analyze other instruments, allowing the comparison of a larger number of constructsCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPE

Molecular basis of structure and function of the microvillus membrane of intestinal epithelial cells

Correlation of molecular structure with biochemical functions of the plasma membrane of the microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells has been investigated by biochemical and electron microscopic procedures. Repeating particles, measuring approximately 60 &#197;in diameter, were found on the surface of the microvilli membrane which had been isolated or purified from rabbit intestinal epithelial cells and negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid. These particles were proved to be inherent components of the microvillus membrane, attached to the outer surface of its trilaminar structure, and were designated as the elementary particles of the microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells. Biochemical and electron microscopic identification of these elementary particles has been carried out by isolation of the elementary particles with papain from the isolated microvillus membrane, followed by purification of the particles by chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex columns. The partially purified particles containing invertase and leucine aminopeptidase are similar in size and structure to those of the elementary particles in the microvillus membrane. Evidence indicates that each of the elementary particles coincide with or include an enzyme molecule such as disaccharidase or peptidase, which carry out the terminal hydrolytic digestion of carbohydrates and proteins, respectively, on the surface of the microvillus membrane. Magnesium ionactivated adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase cannot be solubilized with papain but remains in the smooth-surface membrane after the elementary particles have been removed. Cytochemical electron microscopic observation revealed that the active site of magnesium ion-activated adenosine triphosphatase is localized predominantly in the inner surface of the trilaminar structure of the microvillus membrane.</p

SICE: Sistema de Controle de Estoque

A queda das barreiras comerciais entre os países, assim como o estabelecimento de blocos econômicos, a disseminação do modelo da supremacia de capital e a associação entre informática e telecomunicação são fatores que vêm, ao longo do tempo, contribuindo para o fortalecimento do processo de globalização