Determinantes físicos e ecológicos que afetam as assembleias de aves no sudeste da Amazônia: o papel da história na distribuição das espécies

Amazonian rivers have been proposed to act as geographic barriers to species dispersal, either driving allopatric speciation or defining current distribution limits. The strength of the barrier varies according to the species ecological characteristics and the river physical properties. Environmental heterogeneity may also drive compositional changes, but have hardly been assessed in Amazonia. Aiming to understand the contributions of riverine barriers and environmental heterogeneity in shaping compositional changes in Amazonian forest bird assemblages, we focus on the Tapajós River. We investigate how spatial variation in species composition is related to physical barriers (Tapajós and Jamanxim rivers), ecological characteristics of the species (distinct guilds) and environmental heterogeneity (canopy reflectance, soils and elevation). We sampled birds through point counts and mist nets on both sides of the Tapajós and Jamanxim rivers. To test for relationships between bird composition and environmental data, we used Mantel and partial Mantel tests, NMDS and ANOVA + Tukey HSD. The Mantel tests showed that the clearest compositional changes occurred across the Tapajós River, which seems to act unequally as a significant barrier to the bird guilds. The Jamanxim River was not associated with differences in bird communities. Our results reinforce that the Tapajós River is a biogeographical boundary for birds, but environmental heterogeneity determines compositional variation within interfluves. These results contrast with diversity patterns described for other vertebrates, suggesting that upland forest birds singularly respond to large rivers as barriers in Amazonia, leading to erroneous extrapolations for interpreting biogeographic results for other Amazonian organisms.Amazonian rivers have been proposed to act as geographic barriers to species dispersal, either driving allopatric speciation or defining current distribution limits. The strength of the barrier varies according to the species ecological characteristics and the river physical properties. Environmental heterogeneity may also drive compositional changes, but have hardly been assessed in Amazonia. Aiming to understand the contributions of riverine barriers and environmental heterogeneity in shaping compositional changes in Amazonian forest bird assemblages, we focus on the Tapajós River. We investigate how spatial variation in species composition is related to physical barriers (Tapajós and Jamanxim rivers), ecological characteristics of the species (distinct guilds) and environmental heterogeneity (canopy reflectance, soils and elevation). We sampled birds through point counts and mist nets on both sides of the Tapajós and Jamanxim rivers. To test for relationships between bird composition and environmental data, we used Mantel and partial Mantel tests, NMDS and ANOVA + Tukey HSD. The Mantel tests showed that the clearest compositional changes occurred across the Tapajós River, which seems to act unequally as a significant barrier to the bird guilds. The Jamanxim River was not associated with differences in bird communities. Our results reinforce that the Tapajós River is a biogeographical boundary for birds, but environmental heterogeneity determines compositional variation within interfluves. These results contrast with diversity patterns described for other vertebrates, suggesting that upland forest birds singularly respond to large rivers as barriers in Amazonia, leading to erroneous extrapolations for interpreting biogeographic results for other Amazonian organisms

Bulliyng e o comportamento de jovens de escolas de ensino fundamental

BulBullying é um termo utilizado para descrever atos de violência física ou psicológica, intencionais e repetidos, praticados por um indivíduo ou um grupo de indivíduos, com o propósito de intimidar ou agredir o outro para satisfação pessoal e demonstração de poder. Objetivo: descrever a frequência de bullying e seus fatores associados. Método: estudo descritivo de série de casos no qual a população estudada foram alunos do sexto ao nono ano do ensino fundamental de cinco escolas gaúchas da Rede ULBRA de ensino fundamental. Para a coleta dos dados, foram utilizados questionários autoaplicáveis, de modo a caracterizar comportamento, idade e série escolar. Além disso, foi aplicado o questionário Kidscape, com perguntas objetivas relacionadas ao bullying e o quanto este interfere em suas vidas. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados com estatística descritiva. Para a análise dos dados qualitativos, foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: 34% já haviam sofrido Bullying e 17% afirmaram já ter agredido ou intimidado alguém. Na questão, “se sentem felizes”, 84,9% dos entrevistados referiram que sim. Apenas 13,2% referiu que se sentiam menos ou muito menos que de costume. Para os jovens, a felicidade está relacionada a ter família, amigos, lazer e viver bem a vida. Sobre ter perdido a confiança em si próprio, percentual aproximado de alunos respondeu que sim (9,4%); também referiram que “sentem-se pouco capazes de resolver problemas”. 66% referiram “sentir prazer nas atividades que realizam,” e 24,5% referiram “sentir-se sob pressão em seu dia a dia”. Além disso, 22,6% apontaram que conseguem se “concentrar menos no último ano”, 18,9% perde “sono com preocupações”. Considerações finais: conclui-se que o bullying é um fenômeno complexo, interdisciplinar e está relacionado com a autoconfiança, com as relações familiares e com sentir-se feliz

The role of environmental filtering, geographic distance and dispersal barriers in shaping the turnover of plant and animal species in Amazonia

To determine the effect of rivers, environmental conditions, and isolation by distance on the distribution of species in Amazonia. Location: Brazilian Amazonia. Time period: Current. Major taxa studied: Birds, fishes, bats, ants, termites, butterflies, ferns + lycophytes, gingers and palms. We compiled a unique dataset of biotic and abiotic information from 822 plots spread over the Brazilian Amazon. We evaluated the effects of environment, geographic distance and dispersal barriers (rivers) on assemblage composition of animal and plant taxa using multivariate techniques and distance- and raw-data-based regression approaches. Environmental variables (soil/water), geographic distance, and rivers were associated with the distribution of most taxa. The wide and relatively old Amazon River tended to determine differences in community composition for most biological groups. Despite this association, environment and geographic distance were generally more important than rivers in explaining the changes in species composition. The results from multi-taxa comparisons suggest that variation in community composition in Amazonia reflects both dispersal limitation (isolation by distance or by large rivers) and the adaptation of species to local environmental conditions. Larger and older river barriers influenced the distribution of species. However, in general this effect is weaker than the effects of environmental gradients or geographical distance at broad scales in Amazonia, but the relative importance of each of these processes varies among biological groups

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Bird tolerance to humans in open tropical ecosystems

AbstractAnimal tolerance towards humans can be a key factor facilitating wildlife–human coexistence, yet traits predicting its direction and magnitude across tropical animals are poorly known. Using 10,249 observations for 842 bird species inhabiting open tropical ecosystems in Africa, South America, and Australia, we find that avian tolerance towards humans was lower (i.e., escape distance was longer) in rural rather than urban populations and in populations exposed to lower human disturbance (measured as human footprint index). In addition, larger species and species with larger clutches and enhanced flight ability are less tolerant to human approaches and escape distances increase when birds were approached during the wet season compared to the dry season and from longer starting distances. Identification of key factors affecting animal tolerance towards humans across large spatial and taxonomic scales may help us to better understand and predict the patterns of species distributions in the Anthropocene.</jats:p

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Inglês na escola pública de Juiz de Fora: fotografias em perspectiva

This is a qualitative and interpretative work of ethnographic nature, which focuses on analyzing discourses of individual involved in the school environment – students, teachers, school managers, and functionaries – of two schools of the city of Juiz de Fora/MG, a municipal one, “José Calil Ahouagi”, in which the researcher acted in a scientific research project called Ensino de línguas para crianças na escola pública: abordagem CLIL (Foreign language teaching for children in a public school: CLIL approach), and a state one, “Delfim Moreira” (also known as “Central”), in which the researcher acts as an English teacher since 2013. Discourses directly or indirectly linked to English teaching in public education were registered in interviews and expanded field notes by the teacher-researcher and will be analyzed in this work. The aims of this research consist in: a) recognizing in the speeches traces of Discourses (related to beliefs) built through social relationships; b) observing how these recognized Discourses influence or not the process of learning and teaching of English; c) and, consequently, thinking about a possible proposal that could contribute for the improvement of this process. For accomplishing these aims, this work counts basically on this theoretical approach: Discourse Analysis according to Gee (1999); the notion of superdiversity, which refers to the worldwide connection among different languages, cultures and territories, mainly through technology of communication and the increasing mobility of people throughout the world (VERTOVEC, 2006); bilingual education as a way of educating children in this twentieth century (GARCÍA, 2008). We can understand through this research that what people say about a subject sometimes is not only an individual opinion, but a thought socially built, and it interferes in the manner groups of people think and act. So, the Discourses related to English teaching in public schools also become, somehow, responsible for the way it is established.Este é um trabalho de natureza qualitativa e interpretativa, de cunho etnográfico, cujo foco se concentra nos discursos de indivíduos envolvidos no ambiente escolar – alunos, professores, gestores e funcionários – de duas escolas da cidade de Juiz de Fora/MG, uma municipal, José Calil Ahouagi, na qual a pesquisadora atuou em um projeto de iniciação científica intitulado Ensino de línguas para crianças na escola pública: abordagem CLIL, e outra estadual, Delfim Moreira (Grupo Central), na qual a pesquisadora atua como professora de inglês desde 2013. São analisados discursos direta ou indiretamente ligados ao ensino de inglês na rede pública, os quais foram registrados em entrevistas e em notas expandidas da professora-pesquisadora. Os objetivos deste estudo consistem em: a) reconhecer nessas falas marcas de Discursos (relacionados às crenças) construídos a partir das interações sociais; b) observar de que maneira esses Discursos reconhecidos influenciam ou não o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de inglês; c) e, consequentemente, pensar em uma possível proposta que contribua para a melhoria desse processo. Para o cumprimento de tais objetivos, esta pesquisa tem como base o seguinte aporte teórico: a Análise do Discurso segundo Gee (1999); a noção de superdiversidade, referente à conexão mundial entre diferentes línguas, culturas e territórios, principalmente a partir de tecnologias da comunicação e da crescente mobilidade das pessoas pelo mundo (VERTOVEC, 2006); a educação bilíngue como forma de educar crianças no século XXI (GARCÍA, 2008). Podemos compreender, através deste trabalho, que o que as pessoas dizem sobre determinado assunto, muitas vezes, não se trata de uma opinião individual, mas de um pensamento construído socialmente, o que interfere nas maneiras de pensar e agir de grupos de pessoas. Assim, os Discursos relacionados ao ensino de inglês na escola pública também se tornam, de certa forma, responsáveis pelo modo como ele se estabelce.CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio