Protection à long terme du système nerveux : étude de facteurs extrinsèques chez C. elegans

Tout au long de la vie d’un organisme, l’architecture du système nerveux est mise à l’épreuve par des processus de maturation, de croissance, de stress mécaniques et de vieillissement. Bien que certaines molécules de maintenance de l’organisation des ganglions et fascicules neuronaux aient été identifiés chez le nématode C. elegans, les mécanismes assurant la protection à long terme de l’architecture du système nerveux restent mal compris. Chez les mutants de maintenance neuronale sax-7/L1CAM, certaines structures neuronales se développent initialement normalement, mais se désorganisent avec le temps. Un criblage génétique effectué au laboratoire a indiqué l’implication du gène mig-6/Papiline dans la maintenance neuronale: la perte de fonction de mig-6 supprime la désorganisation neuronale progressive des mutants sax-7. De plus, l’organisation neuronale des mutants mig-6 est mieux préservée dans un contexte de stress mécanique que chez le type sauvage. Un équilibre entre l'adhésion cellulaire et la flexibilité du milieu semble donc clé. Par ailleurs, les cellules gliales sont en relation étroite avec les neurones, mais leur implication dans la maintenance neuronale reste inexplorée. Ainsi, lors de ces travaux, la question principale est d’étudier la contribution de la matrice extracellulaire et de cellules gliales dans un contexte de maintenance de l’architecture du système nerveux chez C. elegans. Les résultats révèlent que MIG-6/Papiline régule l’état de la matrice extracellulaire en modifiant l’organisation du collagène IV, un composant abondant et conservé des membranes basales. Cette modification du collagène IV semble compenser les défauts d’adhésion cellulaire présents chez les mutants de maintenance sax-7/L1CAM et contrer un déplacement des ganglions neuronaux lors d’un stress mécanique accru. L’exploration de cellules gliales en contexte de maintenance neuronale a mis en évidence certains défauts des mutants de maintenance sax-7/L1CAM. Comprendre les principes généraux du maintien de l'architecture et de la connectivité neuronale pourrait aider à identifier des facteurs clés influençant l'apparition et la progression de neuropathologies.Throughout life, the architecture of the nervous system is challenged by processes of maturation, growth, mechanical stress and aging. Although neuronal maintenance mechanisms of ganglia and fascicles organization involving conserved factors have been identified in the nematode C. elegans, little is known about processes that aim for the long-term protection of the nervous system architecture. In sax-7/L1CAM neuronal maintenance mutants, some neuronal ganglia and fascicles initially develop normally, but become disorganized over time. A genetic screen performed in the laboratory indicated the involvement of mig-6/Papilin in neuronal maintenance: loss of mig-6 function suppresses progressive neuronal disorganization in sax-7 mutants. Moreover, the neuronal organization of mig-6 mutants is better preserved under mechanical stress than in the wild-type strain. A balance between the adhesion of neurons to their environment and the flexibility of the surrounding extracellular matrix thus seems of importance. Furthermore, glial cells are closely related to neurons, but their involvement in the maintenance of the organization of neuronal structures remains unexplored. The main question of this work is to study the contribution of the extracellular matrix and of two types of glial cells in the context of maintenance of the nervous system architecture in C. elegans. Our results reveal that MIG-6/Papilin regulates the state of the extracellular matrix by altering the organization of collagen IV, an abundant and conserved component of basement membranes, thus compensating for cell adhesion defects in sax-7/L1CAM maintenance mutants and counteracting a neural ganglia displacement upon increased mechanical stress. Our exploration of glial cells in the context of neuronal maintenance also revealed defects in sax-7/L1CAM maintenance mutants. Understanding the general principles of maintenance of neuronal architecture and connectivity could help identify key factors influencing the onset and progression of neuropathologies

The impact of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 depletion on poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity and responses to radiation

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been identified as a determinant of sensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Here, the consequences of its depletion on cell survival, PARP activity, the recruitment of base excision repair (BER) proteins to DNA damage sites, and overall DNA single-strand break (SSB) repair were investigated using isogenic HeLa stably depleted (KD) and Control cell lines. Synthetic lethality achieved by disrupting PARP activity in Cdk5-deficient cells was confirmed, and the Cdk5KD cells were also found to be sensitive to the killing effects of ionizing radiation (IR) but not methyl methanesulfonate or neocarzinostatin. The recruitment profiles of GFP-PARP-1 and XRCC1-YFP to sites of micro-irradiated Cdk5KD cells were slower and reached lower maximum values, while the profile of GFP-PCNA recruitment was faster and attained higher maximum values compared to Control cells. Higher basal, IR, and hydrogen peroxide-induced polymer levels were observed in Cdk5KD compared to Control cells. Recruitment of GFP-PARP-1 in which serines 782, 785, and 786, potential Cdk5 phosphorylation targets, were mutated to alanines in micro-irradiated Control cells was also reduced. We hypothesize that Cdk5-dependent PARP-1 phosphorylation on one or more of these serines results in an attenuation of its ribosylating activity facilitating persistence at DNA damage sites. Despite these deficiencies, Cdk5KD cells are able to effectively repair SSBs probably via the long patch BER pathway, suggesting that the enhanced radiation sensitivity of Cdk5KD cells is due to a role of Cdk5 in other pathways or the altered polymer levels

Novel Anti-Metastatic Action of Cidofovir Mediated by Inhibition of E6/E7, CXCR4 and Rho/ROCK Signaling in HPV+ Tumor Cells

Cervical cancer is frequently associated with HPV infection. The expression of E6 and E7 HPV oncoproteins is a key factor in its carcinogenicity and might also influence its virulence, including metastatic conversion. The cellular mechanisms involved in metastatic spread remain elusive, but pro-adhesive receptors and their ligands, such as SDF-1α and CXCR4 are implicated. In the present study, we assessed the possible relationship between SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling, E6/E7 status and the metastatic process. We found that SDF-1α stimulated the invasion of E6/E7-positive cancer cell lines (HeLa and TC-1) in Matrigel though CXCR4 and subsequent Rho/ROCK activation. In pulmonary metastatic foci generated by TC-1 cells IV injection a high proportion of cells expressed membrane-associated CXCR4. In both cases models (in vitro and in vivo) cell adhesion and invasion was abrogated by CXCR4 immunological blockade supporting a contribution of SDF-1α/CXCR4 to the metastatic process. E6 and E7 silencing using stable knock-down and the approved anti-viral agent, Cidofovir decreased CXCR4 gene expression as well as both, constitutive and SDF-1α-induced cell invasion. In addition, Cidofovir inhibited lung metastasis (both adhesion and invasion) supporting contribution of E6 and E7 oncoproteins to the metastatic process. Finally, potential signals activated downstream SDF-1α/CXCR4 and involved in lung homing of E6/E7-expressing tumor cells were investigated. The contribution of the Rho/ROCK pathway was suggested by the inhibitory effect triggered by Cidofovir and further confirmed using Y-27632 (a small molecule ROCK inhibitor). These data suggest a novel and highly translatable therapeutic approach to cervix cancer, by inhibition of adhesion and invasion of circulating HPV-positive tumor cells, using Cidofovir and/or ROCK inhibition

Variation in clutch size in relation to nest size in birds

Peer reviewe

Leprosy in Hong Kong (1951-1975)

 With the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the Sheklong leprosarium in Canton, where leprosy sufferers from Hong Kong and Guangzhou used to receive their treatment, was no longer accessible and many patients sought refuge in Hong Kong. Starting in 1950, with the help of the medical missionaries, The Mission to Lepers and the British colonial government developed a new infrastructure to face this new problem; thus a leprosarium was established on the island of Hay Ling Chau. Through the evolution of this leprosarium, from its opening in 1951 until its closure, and the integration of the remaining leprosy patients into general governmental hospitals in 1975, this thesis is the first of its kind to examine the management of leprosy in post-Second World War Hong Kong. Based on published documents edited by the medical missionaries and/or the colonial governments, newspaper articles in local and international journals and governmental papers, this study analyzes the political, medical and social aspects of the leprosy policy. It explores the role played by the missionaries and the Government in its elaboration and management. The fact that non-governmental organizations provided social welfare care to the residents of the Colony in the second half of the twentieth century has been mentioned by historians but their role the elaboration and development of social policy in Hong Kong has never been the main object of study. Moreover, previous studies have not analyzed the new challenges brought by the medical advance in leprosy treatment. Indeed, in the late 1940s, thanks to the discovery of new drugs, leprosy became curable. For lack of space on the island and due to the increasing number of leprosy cases, former patients had to be reintegrated into the rest of the Colony. Starting in the mid- 1950s, the Hong Kong Government and The Mission to Lepers worked in collaboration to develop new suitable measures to ensure the long-term care of patients. The missionaries were responsible for the patients on Hay Ling Chau whereas the colonial state monitored out-patients and provided accommodation and food supplies to the former ones. As a result, by re-examining the work accomplished by the medical missionaries, this thesis adds a new chapter to the annals of leprosy treatment and social policy in Hong Kong.published_or_final_versionHumanities and Social SciencesMasterMaster of Philosoph

Prescription et interprétation de la radiographie pulmonaire dans le Service des Urgences de Cayenne [Guyane française]

LYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF