Les cités en conteneurs

Le conteneur en tant qu’habitation fut d’abord le produit d’un détournement de la part de salariés et de travailleurs non intégrés à la « grande entreprise ». À l’origine, cet habitat n’est pas produit par les acteurs et entreprises économiques insérés dans le commerce international. Son utilisation indique pourtant que des espaces, même apparemment marginaux, sont connectés à la circulation des marchandises. Il conquiert, ensuite, une place culturellement légitimée, à travers des projets de Cités logements pour étudiants ou de centres culturels. Ce changement d’usage s’accompagne d’un écart par rapport aux usages standard des conteneurs qui, bien que modifiés pour l’habitat conservent leurs qualités mobiles. La flexibilité de ces dispositifs incite à poser la question de l’encastrement de l’habitat dans l’économie globale et à revenir sur l’histoire de la « conteneurisation ». Nous examinerons les débats accompagnant l’installation d’une cité universitaire au Havre en 2010. Nous montrerons que la thèse polanyienne du désencastrement de l’économie ne semble pas convenir pour décrire ces évolutions, car il s’agit de détournements et de ruses menant à l’innovation et non d’adaptations mécaniques aux conditions économiques. Ces innovations mettent notamment en jeu des règles juridiques et des conventions informelles sur le marché du logement. Comme moyen de conditionnement et de transport, la boîte est standard, comme moyen d’habitation, elle devient singulière, au sens de « l’économie des singularités », c’est-à-dire détachée des usages de masse.The container was diverted at first to be of use for housing by the employees and the workers not integrated into big companies, it is not a production of the big companies and the actors inserted into the international trade. Its use indicates that all the spaces, even apparently marginal, are connected to the circulation of goods at least indirectly. This remark also costs for practices supporting speeches of breaks with the wage-earner and the consumption. It conquers a place, culturally legitimized, through housing projects of city for students or cultural centers. It keeps its mobile qualities, even if this change of custom comes along with a distance with regard to the standard. The flexibility of container housing asks the question of the embedding of the housing environment in the global economy, on the history of the container. We also examine the debates accompanying the installation of a student halls of residence in Havre in 2010. The Polanyian thesis of the disembedding of economics does not fit to describe the divertment leading to innovation. It is not just a matter of adaptation to global economic conditions. On the other hand, the fuzzy status of the mobile housing environment remains, even if these projects tend to re-legitimize it. This transformation of the container engenders a singularisation of this object. As means of conditioning and transport, the box is standard, as means of house, it becomes singular, in the sense of “the economics of singularities”. These innovations involve legal rules and informal conventions

Des dockers aux damnés de la mer : néo-corporatisme et syndicalisme transnational

La participation des dockers au conflit sur la « Loi Travail » est l’occasion de revenir sur les luttes de ces dernières décennies dans le secteur maritimo-portuaire. Elles ont accompagné la formation d’un syndicalisme transnational, coopérant avec le syndicalisme global des marins, ce qui esquisse une coopération plus générale. Cependant sur certains segments du secteur, la dégradation est telle que c’est par l’action des ONG que les luttes sociales peuvent se mener, par l’appel à la responsabilité sociale d’entreprise et au boycott par les consommateurs

De 1895 à 1912 : Le cinéma forain français entre innovation et répression

Les forains participèrent à la diffusion du premier cinéma et à son évolution technique et esthétique. Leur marginalisation à partir de 1912 ne découle pas seulement de l’action des grands producteurs industriels, elle fut aussi une conséquence de la loi de 1912 régissant leur statut et accroissant leur précarité. Le déclin du cinéma forain fut moins lié à des raisons esthétiques qu’à l’instauration d’une gouvernance du cinéma qui excluait ses acteurs nomades.Fairground people were very active in the promotion and the technical and aesthetic evolution of early cinema. Their marginalisation by 1912 did not only stem from the actions of big companies. It was a consequence of legislation passed that year, which redefined their status and increased their economic insecurity. The decline of fairground cinema was less linked to aesthetic factors than to the establishment of laws that excluded the nomadic lifestyle of fairground people

Quand la Covid dévoile le principe de rationnement

La crise du covid a ramené en pleine lumière le rationnement. Il est classiquement défini comme la conséquence de rigidités des prix, mais il peut être, à l'inverse, la cause de ses rigidités. La pluralité monétaire est un moyen de rationner et discriminer certains acteurs. Le terme fut introduit lors du siège de Paris en 1870, revenir sur ces circonstances, permet de comprendre ses liens avec la construction sociale des marchés. Par la suite, à l'occasion d'un crédit crunch en 1882, c'est un rationnement, via une caisse de liquidation, qui permit de légitimer les marchés à terme. Des jetons sont utilisés pour payer des dockers, après des épisodes de choléra. Au XXe siècle, les marchés physiques sont des observatoires commodes de ces règles, dont les conséquences sont très sensibles sur les travailleurs saisonniers et sur les plus vulnérables. Lors de l'actuelle pandémie, les règles de rationnement se dévoilent sur le marché du travail des saisonniers et sur les marchés

De la requalification spectaculaire au "working waterfront"

Peut-on comparer et construire un discours autour d’un échantillon de villes du Nord et du Sud de l’Europe ? L’article vise à montrer qu’il y a un monde commun, à cause des propriétés fractales du réseau portuaire global. À condition de ne pas oublier ces effets de rangées, on peut donc comparer des villes dans des régions différentes, pour voir comment elles se développent dans leurs contextes propres. La question du renouveau urbain est, elle aussi, commune, et implique de quitter une vision linéaire des liens entre trafics, emplois et valeur ajoutée dans les villes portuaires, d’admettre la pluralité des repères. Elle implique aussi de se détacher de l’urbanisme spectaculaire pour retrouver des « working waterfronts » modernes.From spectacular requalification to "working waterfront". Can we make comparisons and develop a theory using a survey of Northern and Southern European cities ? This article aims to show that there is a commonality, because of the fractal nature of the world network of ports. Without losing sight of the difference in size, we can make comparisons of cities in different regions in order to see how they develop within their own environment. All these ports are facing plans for urban revival and this allows us to go beyond a simple linear approach to trade, jobs and added value in harbour cities and take into account a variety of markers. It also implies a different perspective from that of spectacular town planning projects and concentrates on modern working waterfronts

Louis Bachelier On the centenary of Théorie de la Spéculation

International audienceWritten on the occasion of the centenary of Louis Bachelier's 1900 PhD thesis “Théorie de la spéculation”, this paper puts Bachelier into a historical perspective. It explains his role as a pioneer in both mathematical finance and probability theory, and it also gives a careful account of Bachelier's difficult personal and scientific career. This includes a discussion of Poincaré's report on the PhD thesis (the report itself with an English translation is reproduced in the appendix), and an explanation for the controversy between Bachelier's work and Paul L´evy's reports on it. The paper also contains a curriculum vitae and a list of the publications of Bachelier is made available

Fate and Complex Pathogenic Effects of Dioxins and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Obese Subjects before and after Drastic Weight Loss

BACKGROUND: In humans, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are stored primarily in adipose tissue. Their total body burden and their contribution to obesity-associated diseases remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: We characterized POP total body burden and their redistribution in obese individuals before and after drastic weight loss and compared these values with a variety of molecular, biological, and clinical parameters. METHODS: Seventy-one obese subjects were enrolled and underwent bariatric surgery. Blood and adipose tissue samples were obtained at different times from these individuals as well as from 18 lean women. RESULTS: POP content (17 dioxins/furans and 18 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners) in different adipose tissue territories was similar, allowing us to assess total POP body burden from a single biopsy. Total POP body burden was 2 to 3 times higher in obese than in lean individuals. We also found increased expression of some POP target genes in obese adipose tissue. Drastic weight loss led to increased serum POPs and, within 6-12 months, to a significant 15% decrease in total polychlorinated biphenyl body burden. Importantly, serum POP levels were positively correlated with liver toxicity markers and lipid parameters, independently of age and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: POP content in adipose tissue and serum correlate with biological markers of obesity-related dysfunctions. Drastic weight loss leads to a redistribution of POPs and to a moderate decrease of their total body burden

Muscle inactivation of mTOR causes metabolic and dystrophin defects leading to severe myopathy

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of cell growth that associates with raptor and rictor to form the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2, respectively. Raptor is required for oxidative muscle integrity, whereas rictor is dispensable. In this study, we show that muscle-specific inactivation of mTOR leads to severe myopathy, resulting in premature death. mTOR-deficient muscles display metabolic changes similar to those observed in muscles lacking raptor, including impaired oxidative metabolism, altered mitochondrial regulation, and glycogen accumulation associated with protein kinase B/Akt hyperactivation. In addition, mTOR-deficient muscles exhibit increased basal glucose uptake, whereas whole body glucose homeostasis is essentially maintained. Importantly, loss of mTOR exacerbates the myopathic features in both slow oxidative and fast glycolytic muscles. Moreover, mTOR but not raptor and rictor deficiency leads to reduced muscle dystrophin content. We provide evidence that mTOR controls dystrophin transcription in a cell-autonomous, rapamycin-resistant, and kinase-independent manner. Collectively, our results demonstrate that mTOR acts mainly via mTORC1, whereas regulation of dystrophin is raptor and rictor independent

Muscle inactivation of mTOR causes metabolic and dystrophin defects leading to severe myopathy

mTor, acting mainly via mTORC1, controls dystrophin transcription in a raptor- and rictor-independent mechanism

Fine scale mapping of the 17q22 breast cancer locus using dense SNPs, genotyped within the Collaborative Oncological Gene-Environment Study (COGs)

Genome-wide association studies have found SNPs at 17q22 to be associated with breast cancer risk. To identify potential causal variants related to breast cancer risk, we performed a high resolution fine-mapping analysis that involved genotyping 517 SNPs using a custom Illumina iSelect array (iCOGS) followed by imputation of genotypes for 3,134 SNPs in more than 89,000 participants of European ancestry from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). We identified 28 highly correlated common variants, in a 53 Kb region spanning two introns of the STXBP4 gene, that are strong candidates for driving breast cancer risk (lead SNP rs2787486 (OR = 0.92; CI 0.90–0.94; P = 8.96 × 10−15)) and are correlated with two previously reported risk-associated variants at this locus, SNPs rs6504950 (OR = 0.94, P = 2.04 × 10−09, r2 = 0.73 with lead SNP) and rs1156287 (OR = 0.93, P = 3.41 × 10−11, r2 = 0.83 with lead SNP). Analyses indicate only one causal SNP in the region and several enhancer elements targeting STXBP4 are located within the 53 kb association signal. Expression studies in breast tumor tissues found SNP rs2787486 to be associated with increased STXBP4 expression, suggesting this may be a target gene of this locus