Tolerance of Khaya ivorensis and Toona ciliata to herbicides

AbstractWe conducted two experiments to evaluate the plant tolerance of African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) and Australian cedar (Toona ciliata var. australis) to herbicides. The experimental arrangement was a completely randomized design, with four replications. The treatments were as follows: i) untreated control, ii) imazapyr (25 g ai ha-1), iii) oxyfluorfen (360 g ai ha-1), iv) oxyfluorfen (720 g ai ha-1), v) isoxaflutole (75g ai ha-1), vi) isoxaflutole (112.5 g ai ha-1), vii) chlorimuron-ethyl (7.5 g ai ha-1) + 0.05% v / v mineral oil, viii) chlorimuron-ethyl (12.5 g ai ha-1) + 0.05% v / v mineral oil, ix) imazethapyr (100 g ai ha-1), and x) nicosulfuron (40 g ai ha-1). For the African mahogany, imazapyr (25 g ai ha-1), oxyfluorfen (360 g ai ha-1) and chlorimuron-ethyl (7.5 and 12.5 g ai ha-1), showed mild symptoms of phytotoxicity. The oxyfluorfen (720 g ai ha-1), imazethapyr and nicosulfuron were moderately phytotoxics, and isoxaflutole (75 and 112.5 g ai ha-1) was the most phytotoxic herbicide. For Australian cedar, imazapyr (25 g ai ha-1) caused low levels of injury. Oxyfluorfen, isoxaflutole, chlorimuron-ethyl, imazethapyr and nicosulfuron were the most phytotoxic herbicides.Keywords: African mahogany; Australian cedar; weeds; selectivity.Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar a tolerância de plantas mogno-africano (Khaya ivorensis) e cedro-australiano (Toona ciliata var. australis) a herbicidas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Tratamentos: i) testemunha sem aplicação, ii) imazapyr (25 g i.a. ha-1), iii) oxyfluorfen (360 g i.a. ha-1), iv) oxyfluorfen (720 g i.a. ha-1), v) isoxaflutole (75 g i.a. ha-1), vi) isoxaflutole (112,5 g i.a. ha-1), vii) chlorimuron-ethyl (7,5 g i.a. ha-1) + 0,05% v/v de óleo mineral, viii) chlorimuron-ethyl (12,5 g i.a. ha-1) + 0,05% v/v de óleo mineral, ix) imazethapyr (100 g i.a. ha-1) e x) nicosulfuron (40 g i.a. ha-1). Para o mogno africano, os herbicidas imazapyr (25 g i.a. ha-1), oxyfluorfen (360 g i.a. ha-1) e chlorimuron-ethyl (7,5 e 12,5 g i.a. ha-1) proporcionaram sintomas leves de fitotoxicidade. O oxyfluorfen (720 g i.a. ha-1), o imazethapyr e o nicosulfuron foram moderadamente fitotóxicos e o isoxaflutole (75 e 112,5 g i.a. ha-1) foi o herbicida mais fitotóxico. Para o cedro australiano, o herbicida imazapyr (25 g i.a. ha-1) proporcionou os menores níveis de injúria. O oxyfluorfen, o isoxaflutole, o chlorimuron-ethyl, o imazethapyr e o nicosulfuron proporcionaram altos níveis de fitotoxicidade.Palavras-chave: Mogno africano; cedro australiano; plantas daninhas; seletividade. AbstractTolerance of Khaya ivorensis and Toona ciliata to herbicides. We conducted two experiments to evaluate the plant tolerance of African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) and Australian cedar (Toona ciliata var. australis) to herbicides. The experimental arrangement was a completely randomized design, with four replications. The treatments were as follows: i) untreated control, ii) imazapyr (25 g ai ha-1), iii) oxyfluorfen (360 g ai ha-1), iv) oxyfluorfen (720 g ai ha-1), v) isoxaflutole (75g ai ha-1), vi) isoxaflutole (112.5 g ai ha-1), vii) chlorimuron-ethyl (7.5 g ai ha-1) + 0.05% v / v mineral oil, viii) chlorimuron-ethyl (12.5 g ai ha-1) + 0.05% v / v mineral oil, ix) imazethapyr (100 g ai ha-1), and x) nicosulfuron (40 g ai ha-1). For the African mahogany, imazapyr (25 g ai ha-1), oxyfluorfen (360 g ai ha-1) and chlorimuron-ethyl (7.5 and 12.5 g ai ha-1), showed mild symptoms of phytotoxicity. The oxyfluorfen (720 g ai ha-1), imazethapyr and nicosulfuron were moderately phytotoxics, and isoxaflutole (75 and 112.5 g ai ha-1) was the most phytotoxic herbicide. For Australian cedar, imazapyr (25 g ai ha-1) caused low levels of injury. Oxyfluorfen, isoxaflutole, chlorimuron-ethyl, imazethapyr and nicosulfuron were the most phytotoxic herbicides. Keywords: African mahogany; Australian cedar; weeds; selectivity

Laparoscopy in management of appendicitis in high-, middle-, and low-income countries: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency worldwide. Differences between high- and low-income settings in the availability of laparoscopic appendectomy, alternative management choices, and outcomes are poorly described. The aim was to identify variation in surgical management and outcomes of appendicitis within low-, middle-, and high-Human Development Index (HDI) countries worldwide. METHODS: This is a multicenter, international prospective cohort study. Consecutive sampling of patients undergoing emergency appendectomy over 6 months was conducted. Follow-up lasted 30 days. RESULTS: 4546 patients from 52 countries underwent appendectomy (2499 high-, 1540 middle-, and 507 low-HDI groups). Surgical site infection (SSI) rates were higher in low-HDI (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.33-4.99, p = 0.005) but not middle-HDI countries (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.76-2.52, p = 0.291), compared with high-HDI countries after adjustment. A laparoscopic approach was common in high-HDI countries (1693/2499, 67.7%), but infrequent in low-HDI (41/507, 8.1%) and middle-HDI (132/1540, 8.6%) groups. After accounting for case-mix, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42-0.71, p < 0.001) and SSIs (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.14-0.33, p < 0.001). In propensity-score matched groups within low-/middle-HDI countries, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.23 95% CI 0.11-0.44) and SSI (OR 0.21 95% CI 0.09-0.45). CONCLUSION: A laparoscopic approach is associated with better outcomes and availability appears to differ by country HDI. Despite the profound clinical, operational, and financial barriers to its widespread introduction, laparoscopy could significantly improve outcomes for patients in low-resource environments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02179112

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe

Mortality of emergency abdominal surgery in high-, middle- and low-income countries

Background: Surgical mortality data are collected routinely in high-income countries, yet virtually no low- or middle-income countries have outcome surveillance in place. The aim was prospectively to collect worldwide mortality data following emergency abdominal surgery, comparing findings across countries with a low, middle or high Human Development Index (HDI). Methods: This was a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Self-selected hospitals performing emergency surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive patients from at least one 2-week interval during July to December 2014. Postoperative mortality was analysed by hierarchical multivariable logistic regression. Results: Data were obtained for 10 745 patients from 357 centres in 58 countries; 6538 were from high-, 2889 from middle- and 1318 from low-HDI settings. The overall mortality rate was 1⋅6 per cent at 24 h (high 1⋅1 per cent, middle 1⋅9 per cent, low 3⋅4 per cent; P < 0⋅001), increasing to 5⋅4 per cent by 30 days (high 4⋅5 per cent, middle 6⋅0 per cent, low 8⋅6 per cent; P < 0⋅001). Of the 578 patients who died, 404 (69⋅9 per cent) did so between 24 h and 30 days following surgery (high 74⋅2 per cent, middle 68⋅8 per cent, low 60⋅5 per cent). After adjustment, 30-day mortality remained higher in middle-income (odds ratio (OR) 2⋅78, 95 per cent c.i. 1⋅84 to 4⋅20) and low-income (OR 2⋅97, 1⋅84 to 4⋅81) countries. Surgical safety checklist use was less frequent in low- and middle-income countries, but when used was associated with reduced mortality at 30 days. Conclusion: Mortality is three times higher in low- compared with high-HDI countries even when adjusted for prognostic factors. Patient safety factors may have an important role. Registration number: NCT02179112 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Controle do capim-braquiária associado à nutrição com boro no cultivo do mogno-africano em sistema silvipastoril

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar o controle do capim-braquiária (Urochloa decumbens) nas linhas de plantio do mogno-africano (Khaya ivorensis) com aplicações de herbicidas isoladas ou combinadas com boro (B), bem como a resposta do mogno-africano a esse micronutriente. Ambos os experimentos foram implantados em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Seis tratamentos foram aplicados nas parcelas: testemunha capinada; testemunha sem capina; glyphosate (1.080 g e.a. ha-1) + chlorimuron-ethyl (10 g i.a. ha-1) + 0,05% v/v de óleo mineral, glyphosate (1.080 g e.a. ha-1) + imazethapyr (100 g i.a. ha-1), glyphosate (1.080 g e.a. ha-1) e oxyfluorfen (480 g i.a. ha-1). As subparcelas foram constituídas pela ausência ou presença de 4 kg de ácido bórico (17% B) para 100 L de água. A associação do ácido bórico aos herbicidas glyphosate mais chlorimuron-ethyl, glyphosate mais imazethapyr, glyphosate ou oxyfluorfen não interfere no controle do capim-braquiária. A adição do ácido bórico à calda dos herbicidas proporciona incrementos nos teores de boro no solo e, consequentemente, aumento nos teores de boro nas folhas do mogno-africano

GROWTH OF NATIVE TREES IN TWO AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT Agroforestry systems with eucalyptus prevail in Central and Southeast Brazil, and little information is available about systems using native trees. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the development of seven native tree species grown under two agroforestry systems. The experiment was conducted starting in 2007 in 12-hectare area in the municipality of São Carlos, São Paulo state, Brazil. The tree species planted in the two systems (a silvopastoral system and an agrisilvicultural system) were: 'capixingui' (Croton floribundus) and 'mutambo' (Guazuma ulmifolia) (tutors), 'jequitibá-branco' (Cariniana estrellensis), 'canafistula' (Peltophorum dubium) and 'ipê felpudo' (Zeyheria tuberculosa) (timber trees), and 'angico-branco' (Anadenanthera colubrina) and 'pau-jacaré' (Piptadenia gonoacantha) (N-fixing trees). Data were collected for 48 months. The results show differences among tree development, which was evaluated as growth in height and diameter, as well as sensitivity to insect and disease damage. The overall results show that the agrisilvicultural system allowed better tree development. The species with best performance in the two systems were capixingui, mutambo and canafístula. Ipê-felpudo and jequitibá-branco showed the worst results. The high variability among individuals of the same species indicates the possibility of high production advances with selective breeding of these species