11 research outputs found
Global maps of soil temperature
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications
Global maps of soil temperature
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications
Global maps of soil temperature
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications
Global maps of soil temperature.
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications
LATE ONSET LYSOSOMAL ACID LIPASE DEFICIENCY (LAL-D): SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME OF FIVE PREGNANCIES FROM FOUR HOMOZYGOUS WOMEN IN GREECE
Multicentre, retrospective study to assess long-term outcomes of chelator based treatment with trientine in Wilson disease patients withdrawn from therapy with d -penicillamine
OBJECTIVES: Trientine dihydrochloride (TETA-2HCl) has been used for the treatment of Wilson disease for over 30 years. The current study was designed to systematically evaluate existing data to further define the long-term outcome of the efficacy and tolerability of TETA-2HCl in Wilson disease patients. METHODS: Medical records of 77 Wilson disease patients were reviewed to collect data on hepatic and neurologic symptoms, copper (Cu) homeostasis and adverse events. Data were collected for 48 months after initiation of TETA-2HCl after withdrawal of D-penicillamine treatment. RESULTS: Mean duration of TETA-2HCl treatment was 8 years (range 5 months-32.5 years). Over the course of TETA-2HCl treatment, 35% of patients had no hepatic symptoms whereas in 49.4% of patients, hepatic symptoms improved. They remained unchanged in 10.4% of patients and worsened in 5.2% of patients. No patients progressed to acute hepatic failure or necessity of a liver transplant. During TETA-2HCl treatment, 46.7% of patients had no neurologic symptoms; in 14.3% of patients, neurologic symptoms improved whereas in 36.4% of patients, they remained stable and worsened in 2.6% of patients. During the evaluation period, 12 patients discontinued TETA-2HCl treatment due to: anemia ( N = 1), inadequate hepatic response ( N = 2), switch to zinc treatment ( N = 8) and patient's decision to withdraw from treatment ( N = 1). Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported by 24.7% of the patients of which gastrointestinal disorders (9.1%) and nervous system disorders (5.2%) were most reported. CONCLUSIONS: TETA-2HCl is well-tolerated and effective in Wilson disease patients following the withdrawal of treatment with D-penicillamine. ClinicalTrials.govIdentifier : NCT02426905
HEPATITIS C TREATMENT CONCOMITANT TO CHEMOTHERAPY AS “SALVAGE” THERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES
In patients with malignancies, chronic hepatitis C reactivation or
severe flare is uncommon and antiviral treatment is deferred mainly due
to underlying bone marrow and immune suppression. We report the use of
antiviral treatment concomitantly to chemotherapy in 3 children with
hematologic malignancies, chronic hepatitis C, and significant liver
dysfunction
Prevalence and clinical course of hepatitis delta infection in Greece: A 13-year prospective study
Background & Aims: Hepatitis D virus (HDV) has decreased in Europe, but
recent reports indicate a rising trend. We report the epidemiological
changes, clinical progress, and effect of treatment on the natural
course of HDV infection in Greece during the last 13 years.
Methods: Prospective data were extracted from the Hep-Net. Greece
Cohort-Study.
Results: Since 1997, 4673 chronic HBV (CHB) cases (4527 adults, 146
children) have been followed prospectively. Two thousand one hundred
thirty-seven patients were tested for anti-HDV [101 (4.7%) positive].
Anti-HDV testing in Greece decreased significantly (57.0% before 2003,
35.3% thereafter; p < 0.001). Anti-HDV prevalence among HBsAg-positives
was 4.2%; lower in native Greeks (2.8%) than in immigrants (7.5%) or
in children (15.3%; p < 0.001). Within 2.3 years of follow-up, HDV
occurred in 11/2047 HBsAg-positive patients (2.2 new delta-infected
adults and 8.7 children per 1000 HBsAg-positive annually). HDV-positive
compared to CHB adults were younger (p = 0.035) and had more active and
advanced disease at baseline, as indicated by laboratory indices and the
higher prevalence of cirrhosis at younger age. During a 4.2-year median
observation, significantly more anti-HDV-positive than CHB adults
developed a liver-related first event (20.0% vs. 8.5%, p(Log-rank) =
0.014). Treatment was received by 46/90 (51.1%) patients, 40 of them
interferon-based. In multivariable analysis, interferon significantly
decreased disease progression in HDV-positive patients [HR = 0.14
(95% CI: 0.02-0.86; p = 0.033)].
Conclusions: In Greece, HDV serology is currently tested in only
one-third of HBsAg-positive patients. HDV prevalence is lower in native
Greeks compared to immigrants, who may contribute >50% of the HDV
infection burden in Greece. Data show that HDV infection is a rapidly
progressive disease, but interferon-based treatment may alter its
course. (C) 2013 European Association for the Study of the Liver.
Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved