Sistemas de abastecimento de água e saneamento básico

O presente relatório de estágio enquadra-se no âmbito do Trabalho Final de Mestrado (TFM) do curso de Engenharia Civil, área de especialização de Hidráulica, do Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, e baseia-se na temática dos sistemas de abastecimento de água e drenagem de águas residuais. O estágio, intitulado de “Sistemas de Abastecimento de Agua e Saneamento Básico”, decorreu numa empresa de consultaria de engenharia denominada ENGIDRO – Estudos de Engenharia, Lda., vocacionada para a realização de estudos e projectos na área de Hidráulica, com particular incidência na Hidráulica Urbana e Saneamento Básico. O estágio iniciou-se com um adequado enquadramento profissional na empresa e incidiu principalmente no desenvolvimento de trabalhos de concepção e dimensionamento, a nível de projectos de execução, de sistemas de abastecimento de água e de saneamento básico, para 21 localidades da província de Lunda Sul, em Angola, com prestação de serviços para o Governo Provincial de Lunda Sul – Direcção Provincial da Energia e Aguas, juntamente com empresa CENGA – Consultores de Engenharia de Angola, S.A. Na prestação de serviços à entidade contratante foram efectuados trabalhos de campo, que consistiram principalmente em reconhecimentos do terreno, levantamentos topográficos e recolha de informação relevante sobre elementos condicionantes dos projectos (origens e disponibilidades de água, natureza e declive dos terrenos, tipos de infra-estruturas locais) e trabalhos de gabinete para compilação e análise da informação recolhida na elaboração dos projectos de execução, incluindo pecas desenhadas (desenhos pormenorizados) e peças escritas (memórias descritivas e justificativas, medições e orçamentos). Sendo os projectos destinados a aglomerados populacionais pouco desenvolvidos e com carências e condicionantes de diversa ordem (falta de energia eléctrica, de acessos, de telecomunicações, de meios técnicos e materiais, entre outros), prestou-se especial atenção aos aspectos da concepção, privilegiando soluções de baixa tecnologia, mais fáceis de explorar e manter com os recursos locais disponíveis.This report is part of the internship for the final project of the masters degree in Civil Engineering, hydraulics area of expertise, from the ISEL and was based on the theme of water supply systems and wastewater drainage. The internship, titled "Systems of Water Supply and Sanitation" was held in a consulting engineering firm called ENGIDRO – Estudos de Engenharia, Lda., dedicated to studies and projects in the area of hydraulics, with particular focus on urban hydraulicsand sanitation. The internship began with an appropriate professional introduction in the company and focused mainly on the development in design and sizing of water supply and sanitation systems to 21 villages in the province of Lunda Sul in Angola, with services to the Provincial Government of Lunda Sul - Provincial Energy and Water, alongwith company CENGA – Consultores de Engenharia de Angola, S.A. In providing services to the customer, fieldwork consisted mainly in reconnaissance of the land, surveying and collecting relevant information on determining factors of the projects (sources and water availability, nature and slope of land, typesof local infrastructure) and office work for compilation and analysis of information gathered in the preparation of project implementation, including plans (detailed drawings) and written documents (descriptive documents, measurements and budgets). Since the projects are aimed for undeveloped populations with several needs and constraints (lack of electricity, access, telecommunications, technical and material means, among others), special attention was given to aspects of design, privileged solutions lowtech, easier to operate and maintain with local resources available. With the guidance and coordination of the engineer Luís Mendes it waspossible to perform the work and activities inherent to the internship, accurately and efficiently, with the crucial collaboration of a multidisciplinary team

Estudo e otimização do sistema de exaustão da Schaeffler Portugal

O presente trabalho, realizado no âmbito da obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica, área de especialização em Construção e Manutenção de Equipamentos Mecânicos no Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica do Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra, consistiu no estudo e projeto do sistema de exaustão do edifício 1 da Schaeffler Portugal. Os objetivos principais do trabalho foram definidos em concordância com os interesses da empresa, nomeadamente comprovar o mau funcionamento do atual sistema de exaustão de névoas, que tem originado um ambiente poluído no interior da nave, assim como reduzir a faturação através do aproveitamento das névoas e racionalização energética dos equipamentos. Deste modo, foi realizada inicialmente uma caraterização técnica do atual sistema de exaustão, em termos de tubagens, acessórios e equipamentos constituintes das torres de exaustão, e posteriormente feita a análise e avaliação da eficiência de funcionamento do sistema, com base na densidade de máquinas existentes e nas especificações técnicas consideradas. Em concordância com os resultados, foram verificados e identificados problemas e deficiências sobre a capacidade da atual exaustão, confirmando-se efetivamente que o atual sistema tem, na sua totalidade, uma capacidade insuficiente para as condições requeridas de projeto. Deste modo, foram apresentadas soluções que permitem melhorar substancialmente a capacidade e qualidade da exaustão das máquinas existentes no edifício, através da implementação de um conjunto de novas unidades de filtração autónomas, compostas por filtros de alta eficiência de filtração e ventiladores de alta eficiência energética, e ainda a substituição de tubagens e acessórios que não cumprem as exigências requeridas. Estas soluções tiverem em conta um cenário futuro de expansão de máquinas, salvaguardando a respetiva exaustão. O controlo e gestão do novo sistema de exaustão proposto é assegurado por equipamentos, tais como variadores de velocidade de frequência dos motores elétricos e registos automáticos de secionamento em cada máquina, que permitem um funcionamento automatizado, eficiente e inteligente de todo o sistema, tendo em conta a necessidade instantânea de exaustão. Foi ainda considerado pertinente efetuar uma análise energética ao atual sistema de exaustão, em termos da sua contribuição energética no consumo do edifício 1, e identificar, caraterizar e quantificar os desperdícios energéticos existentes. Esta análise permitiu avaliar a importância da implementação daqueles equipamentos de controlo do sistema na racionalização energética. Finalmente foi realizada uma análise económica sobre o reaproveitamento das névoas

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research