Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020

We show the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 genetic clades over time and between countries and outline potential genomic surveillance objectives. We applied three available genomic nomenclature systems for SARS-CoV-2 to all sequence data from the WHO European Region available during the COVID-19 pandemic until 10 July 2020. We highlight the importance of real-time sequencing and data dissemination in a pandemic situation. We provide a comparison of the nomenclatures and lay a foundation for future European genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.Peer reviewe

Agonistic behaviour and electric signalling in a mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus petersii

1. Agonistic motor behaviour and concurrent electric signalling were studied in individually held, residential Gnathonemus petersii. Aggressive behaviour was elicited by presenting a specimen of a closely related species, Mormyrus rume, for 3 min a day. 2. The principal agonistic motor patterns are described (Fig. 2). Among them head butt, approach and lateral display were further analysed. 3. The electrical activity displayed during agonistic behaviour was found to differ fundamentally both from isolated resting and swimming conditions. The mean discharge rate recorded during aggressive behaviour (31 Hz, Fig. 3 c) is approximately twice the rate observed in an isolated swimming fish (Fig. 3b) and three times the rate displayed by a resting animal (Fig. 3a). An attacking G. petersii exhibits a much greater range of electric organ discharge (EOD) intervals than isolated swimming or resting individuals. EOD-interval histograms recorded from attacking fish show two sharp modes at high discharge rate; there are no intermediate intervals. 4. During the course of an attack, the initially low and variable discharge rate increases fairly linearly as the distance from the attacked fish diminishes (Fig. 9). The EOD rate associated with physical contact (head butt) comprises between 60 and 80 Hz in 24 of 28 attacks analysed; the dominant mode of the distribution is 61 Hz (Fig. 8). 5. During subsequent lateral display, G. petersii emits a high discharge rate pattern consisting of two types of ldquosteady-staterdquo activities which may last up to a few seconds: the first is a fairly regular alternation of approx. 16 and 8 ms intervals (paired pulses); this pattern gives rise to the two peaks of high discharge rate in the interval histogram (Fig. 3c). The second is a regular sequence of either 16 or 8 ms intervals (Fig. 4A). The only female among the animals used in our study showed the same display but did not exhibit the highest possible discharge rate (i.e. a regular sequence or 8 ms intervals; Fig. 4B). The high discharge rate is terminated by a sudden discharge break (Figs. 4A and 6). 6. It is suggested that the attack-associated EOD rate increase is a remnant of an ordinary locomotory pattern which has changed its function to a ritualised aggressive signal that occurs in a socially significant and well-defined context. The high discharge rate might serve three functions: (i) behavioural isolation of closely related, sympatrically living mormyrids (perhaps by character displacement); (ii) recognition of sexes; (iii)_synchronisation of mates during courtship