DÍVIDA PÚBLICA E FINANCIAMENTO DAS UNIVERSIDADES FEDERAIS E DA CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA NO BRASIL (2003-2020)

El artículo analiza los gastos del Gobierno Nacional en deuda pública, universidades nacionales y Ciencia y Tecnología (C&T) en el período de 2003 a 2020. Para el período de 2003 a 2019, se examinaron los gastos liquidados (presupuesto ejecutado). Para el año 2020, utilizamos los valores de la asignación inicial de la Ley de Presupuesto Anual, sancionada el 17 de enero de 2020. Dicha información se recopiló en el portal de la Cámara de Diputados, con la excepción de 2019, cuya fuente de recopilación de datos fue el Sistema Integrado de Presupuesto y Planificación (SIOP). Los valores para todos los años se ajustan monetariamente para enero de 2020, según el IPCA. El análisis muestra que, en el período comprendido entre 2003 y 2019, de los gastos totales liquidados por el Gobierno Nacional, el 18.88%, en promedio, se utilizó para pagar la amortización, los intereses y los cargos de la deuda pública. En el mismo período, la función de ciencia y tecnología (C&T) y las universidades nacionales recibieron, respectivamente, el 0,34% y el 1,62% de los gastos presupuestarios totales. El LOA / 2020 pronostica un aumento en el gasto en intereses y cargos de deuda del 40.49%, en comparación con el presupuesto ejecutado en 2019. En el caso de las universidades, el pronóstico para 2020 es 0.58% menor que el presupuesto ejecutado en 2019. El análisis concluye que existe una continuidad inequívoca del patrón de acumulación rentista que resulta en la crisis de financiación insuficiente de las universidades y C&T. El consecuente manejo de tal crisis es parte de las luchas más generales de la sociedad contra la agenda regresiva en curso y por los cambios en el modelo de acumulación mencionado anteriormente.O artigo analisa as despesas da União com a dívida pública, as universidades federais e a Ciência e Tecnologia (C&T) no período de 2003 a 2020. Para o período de 2003 a 2019, foram examinadas as despesas liquidadas (orçamento executado). Para o ano de 2020, recorreu-se aos valores da dotação inicial da Lei Orçamentária Anual, sancionada em 17 de janeiro de 2020. Tais informações foram coletadas no portal da Câmara do Deputados, com exceção do ano de 2019, cuja fonte da coleta de dados foi o Sistema Integrado de Orçamento e Planejamento (SIOP). Os valores de todos os anos estão ajustados monetariamente para janeiro de 2020, com base no IPCA. A análise demonstra que, no período de 2003 a 2019, do total das despesas liquidadas pela União, 18,88%, em média, se destinaram ao pagamento da amortização, juros e encargos da dívida pública. Nesse mesmo período, a função ciência e tecnologia (C&T) e as universidades federais receberam, respectivamente, 0,34% e 1,62% do total de despesas orçamentárias. A LOA/2020 prevê um aumento dos gastos com juros e encargos da dívida de 40,49%, em relação ao orçamento executado em 2019. No caso das universidades, a previsão para 2020 é 0,58% inferior ao orçamento executado em 2019. A análise conclui que há inequívoca continuidade do padrão de acumulação rentista que resulta na crise de subfinanciamento das universidades e da C&T. O enfrentamento consequente de tal crise se inscreve nas lutas mais gerais da sociedade contra a agenda regressiva em curso e por mudanças no referido modelo de acumulação.This article analyzes Union’s expenses with public debt, federal universities and Ciência e Tecnologia (C&T) (Science and Technology) between 2003 and 2020 years. It was analyzed, between 2003 and 2009 years, the net expenses (executed budget). For the 2020 years, it was resorted to the initial allocation’s values from Lei Orçamentária Anual (Anual Budget Law), sanctioned on 2020, the  17th of January. Such informations was collected on House of Representatives’ site, except the 2019 years, which data collection’s source was from Sistema Integrado de Orçamento e Planejamento (SIOP) (Planning and Budget’s Integrated System). The values of every year are ajusted monetarily for 2020, January, based on IPCA. The analyze shows that, between 2003 and 2019, from Union’s total net expenses, 18,88% on average, were destinated to amortization, interest and charges’ payment from public debt. Meanwhile, the Science and Technology (C&T) function and federals universities received, respectively, 0,34% and 1,62% from total of budget’s expenses. LOA/2020 predicts a increase spending with debt’s charges and interest of 40,49% in relation to the budged executed in 2019. In case of universities, the predict to 2020 is 0,58% lower than 2019’s executed budget. The analyzes concludes that there is unmistakably continuity of rentist accumulation pattern that results on universities and C&T’s underfunding crisis. The consequent facing of such crisis is inscribed on society’s more general struggles against the ongoing regressive planning and for changes in said accumulation’s model

Unraveling the ecotoxicity of deep eutectic solvents using the mixture toxicity theory

The interest on deep eutectic solvents (DES) has been increasing. However, the ecotoxicological profile of DES is scarcely known. Also, despite previous studies showed that DES components dissociate in water, none assessed DES toxicity using the classical and adequate models for mixture toxicity prediction - concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA). This study evaluates the ecotoxicological profile of DES based on [N1111]Cl, [N2222]Cl and [N3333]Cl as hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) combined with hydrogen-bond donors (HBD) vis. ethylene glycol and 1-propanol, through the Microtox® Acute Toxicity Test. CA and IA with deviations describing synergism/antagonism, dose-ratio and dose-level effects were fitted to the toxicity data. Neither the starting materials nor DES were found hazardous to Aliivibrio fischeri, in this specific case agreeing with the claimed "green character" of DES. Among the starting materials, ethylene glycol was the least toxic, whereas [N3333]Cl was the most toxic (30 min-EC50 = 96.49 g L-1 and 0.5456 g L-1, respectively). DES toxicity followed the same trend as observed for the salts: [N1111]Cl-based DES < [N2222]Cl-based DES < [N3333]Cl-based DES. The IA model, with specific deviations, adjusted better in 5 out of 6 DES. Antagonism was observed for [N1111]Cl-based DES, and synergism for [N3333]Cl-based DES and for 1-propanol:[N2222]Cl. The application of the mixture toxicity models represents a breakthrough in the problematic of assessing the toxicity of the countless number of DES that can be created with the same starting materials, since they provide the expected toxicity of any virtual combination between HBA and HBD.publishe

Are cyanobacteria a nearly immortal source of high market value compounds?

BACKGROUND: When the human population increases, so does the need to explore a wider range of feedstocks and biomasses, such as cyanobacteria. However, a deeper understanding of the growth patterns and pigment production is required to support the selection of the most beneficial species and conditions for industrial production. The growth and pigment production (i.e., chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin) of three cyanobacterium species were evaluated following a three-fold aim. The first goal was to compare among a species commonly selected for exploitation (Arthrospira platensis) and two alternative species (Anabaena cylindrica and Nostoc muscorum). The second goal was analyzing pigment production in the long-term. The last goal involved comparing different methods (spectrophotometry and fluorimetry) to understand whether there is an appropriate proxy of biomass increase and pigment production that can be used for monitoring purposes. RESULTS: All species showed high longevity and proved capable of growing for more than 100 days without any additional supplementation. However, the maximum quantum yield of PS II (Fv /Fm) revealed that their photosynthetic efficiency varied over time with a clear decrease after 2 months. Pigment analysis showed a heterogeneous pattern during the growth periods of all three species that could only be captured by the parameter Fv /Fm, but the pattern was only present for A. cylindrica and N. muscorum in some stages of the culture period. CONCLUSION: N. muscorum was found to be the best chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin producer, with the production peaking for all species at defined time periods within the growth profile. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).publishe

Glycine-betaine-derived ionic liquids: Synthesis, characterization and ecotoxicological evaluation

Ionic Liquids (ILs) are generically regarded as environmentally "harmless" and thus, assumed as "non-toxic". However, due to the endless design possibilities, their ecotoxicological profile is still poorly known. An accurate knowledge on the toxicity of a substance is required, under the scope of environmental regulation worldwide, before their application and commercialization. Knowledge on the relationship between the chemical structure and toxic effects is essential for the future design of more biocompatible solvents. Focusing on the use of ILs as base lubricants, lubricant additives, or even as potential working fluids for absorption heat pumps, the knowledge on its environmental impact is of great importance, due to the possibility of spills. In this specific context, four analogues of glycine-betaine-based ILs (AGB-ILs) and four glycine-betaine based ILs (GB-ILs) were synthesized and characterized. Their ecotoxicity was assessed using representatives of two trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems, the bacteria Allivibrio fischeri (commonly used as a screening test organism) and the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata (as an alternative test organism that has been proven very sensitive to several IL families). The microalgae were more sensitive than the bacteria, hence, following a precautionary principle, we recommend considering the toxicity towards microalgae as an indicator in future studies regarding the focused ILs. Although four of the studied ILs were derived from a natural amino acid, all were considered hazardous for the aquatic environment, disproving the primary theory that all ILs derived from natural compounds are benign. Furthermore, the modification in the structure of anion and the cation can lead to the increase of toxicity.publishe

The antagonist and synergist potential of cholinium-based deep eutectic solvents

The design of environmentally friendlier solvents has gained increasing relevance in the last decade. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have recently emerged, with advantages like low-cost and putative lower environmental impact. However, information about DES toxicity is still scarce. This work aims to contribute to profiling the ecotoxicity of DES based on cholinium chloride ([Chol]Cl). Six DES were addressed, combining [Chol]Cl (as hydrogen bond acceptor - HBA) with ethylene glycol, glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, propionic acid, 1-propanol, and urea as hydrogen bond donors (HBD), in different molar ratios. The Microtox® Acute Toxicity Test, was used for assessing their toxicity towards the marine bacteria Allivibrio fischeri . Because the dissociation of DES in water is expected, analysis appraising the mixtures toxicity theory should be considered, which is a step forward in this field. This analysis suggested that [Chol]Cl and all HBD with the exception of propionic acid:[Chol]Cl 1:2 and 4:1 behave antagonistically, which is contrary to what has been suggested previously. The most extreme cases are Urea:[Chol]Cl and 1-Propanol:[Chol]Cl, with EC50 values higher than their starting materials dosed singly, configuring very promising and biocompatible alternative solvents. Toxicity was found to be dependent on DES composition, as well as on molar proportions of the starting materials.publishe

Hypothermia in a surgical intensive care unit

BACKGROUND: Inadvertent hypothermia is not uncommon in the immediate postoperative period and it is associated with impairment and abnormalities in various organs and systems that can lead to adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, the predictive factors and outcome of core hypothermia on admission to a surgical ICU. METHODS: All consecutive 185 adult patients who underwent scheduled or emergency noncardiac surgery admitted to a surgical ICU between April and July 2004 were admitted to the study. Tympanic membrane core temperature (Tc) was measured before surgery, on arrival at ICU and every two hours until 6 hours after admission. The following variables were also recorded: age, sex, body weight and height, ASA physical status, type of surgery, magnitude of surgical procedure, anesthesia technique, amount of intravenous fluids administered during anesthesia, use of temperature monitoring and warming techniques, duration of the anesthesia, ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay and SAPS II score. Patients were classified as either hypothermic (Tc ≤ 35°C) or normothermic (Tc> 35°C). Univariate analysis and multiple regression binary logistic with an odds ratio (OR) and its 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) were used to compare the two groups of patients and assess the relationship between each clinical predictor and hypothermia. Outcome measured as ICU length of stay and mortality was also assessed. RESULTS: Prevalence of hypothermia on ICU admission was 57.8%. In univariate analysis temperature monitoring, use of warming techniques and higher previous body temperature were significant protective factors against core hypothermia. In this analysis independent predictors of hypothermia on admission to ICU were: magnitude of surgery, use of general anesthesia or combined epidural and general anesthesia, total intravenous crystalloids administrated and total packed erythrocytes administrated, anesthesia longer than 3 hours and SAPS II scores. In multiple logistic regression analysis significant predictors of hypothermia on admission to the ICU were magnitude of surgery (OR 3.9, 95% CI, 1.4–10.6, p = 0.008 for major surgery; OR 3.6, 95% CI, 1.5–9.0, p = 0.005 for medium surgery), intravenous administration of crystalloids (in litres) (OR 1.4, 95% CI, 1.1–1.7, p = 0.012) and SAPS score (OR 1.0, 95% CI 1.0–1.7, p = 0.014); higher previous temperature in ward was a significant protective factor (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1–0.7, p = 0.003). Hypothermia was neither a risk factor for hospital mortality nor a predictive factor for staying longer in ICU. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of patient hypothermia on ICU arrival was high. Hypothermia at time of admission to the ICU was not an independent factor for mortality or for staying longer in ICU

Renal replacement therapy in Europe : A summary of the 2011 ERA-EDTA Registry Annual Report

BackgroundThis article provides a summary of the 2011 ERA-EDTA Registry Annual Report (available at www.era-edta-reg.org).MethodsData on renal replacement therapy (RRT) for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) from national and regional renal registries in 30 countries in Europe and bordering the Mediterranean Sea were used. From 27 registries, individual patient data were received, whereas 17 registries contributed data in aggregated form. We present the incidence and prevalence of RRT, and renal transplant rates in 2011. In addition, survival probabilities and expected remaining lifetimes were calculated for those registries providing individual patient data.ResultsThe overall unadjusted incidence rate of RRT in 2011 among all registries reporting to the ERA-EDTA Registry was 117 per million population (pmp) (n = 71.631). Incidence rates varied from 24 pmp in Ukraine to 238 pmp in Turkey. The overall unadjusted prevalence of RRT for ESRD on 31 December 2011 was 692 pmp (n = 425 824). The highest prevalence was reported by Portugal (1662 pmp) and the lowest by Ukraine (131 pmp). Among all registries, a total of 22 814 renal transplantations were performed (37 pmp). The highest overall transplant rate was reported from Spain, Cantabria (81 pmp), whereas the highest rate of living donor transplants was reported from Turkey (39 pmp). For patients who started RRT between 2002 and 2006, the unadjusted 5-year patient survival on RRT was 46.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 46.6-47.0], and on dialysis 39.3% (95% CI 39.2-39.4). The unadjusted 5-year patient survival after the first renal transplantation performed between 2002 and 2006 was 86.7% (95% CI 86.2-87.2) for kidneys from deceased donors and 94.3% (95% CI 93.6-95.0) for kidneys from living donors.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Renal replacement therapy in Europe: a summary of the 2012 ERA-EDTA Registry Annual Report

BACKGROUND: This article summarizes the 2012 European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association Registry Annual Report (available at www.era-edta-reg.org) with a specific focus on older patients (defined as ≥65 years). METHODS: Data provided by 45 national or regional renal registries in 30 countries in Europe and bordering the Mediterranean Sea were used. Individual patient level data were received from 31 renal registries, whereas 14 renal registries contributed data in an aggregated form. The incidence, prevalence and survival probabilities of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT) and renal transplantation rates for 2012 are presented. RESULTS: In 2012, the overall unadjusted incidence rate of patients with ESRD receiving RRT was 109.6 per million population (pmp) (n = 69 035), ranging from 219.9 pmp in Portugal to 24.2 pmp in Montenegro. The proportion of incident patients ≥75 years varied from 15 to 44% between countries. The overall unadjusted prevalence on 31 December 2012 was 716.7 pmp (n = 451 270), ranging from 1670.2 pmp in Portugal to 146.7 pmp in the Ukraine. The proportion of prevalent patients ≥75 years varied from 11 to 32% between countries. The overall renal transplantation rate in 2012 was 28.3 pmp (n = 15 673), with the highest rate seen in the Spanish region of Catalonia. The proportion of patients ≥65 years receiving a transplant ranged from 0 to 35%. Five-year adjusted survival for all RRT patients was 59.7% (95% confidence interval, CI: 59.3-60.0) which fell to 39.3% (95% CI: 38.7-39.9) in patients 65-74 years and 21.3% (95% CI: 20.8-21.9) in patients ≥75 years

The epidemiology of renal replacement therapy in two different parts of the worldThe Latin American Dialysis and Transplant Registry versus the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association Registry

Publisher Copyright: © 2018 Pan American Health Organization. All rights reserved.Objective: To compare the epidemiology of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in Latin America and Europe, as well as to study differences in macro-economic indicators, demographic and clinical patient characteristics, mortality rates, and causes of death between these two populations. Methods: We used data from 20 Latin American and 49 European national and subnational renal registries that had provided data to the Latin American Dialysis and Renal Transplant Registry (RLADTR) and the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry, respectively. The incidence and prevalence of RRT in 2013 were calculated per million population (pmp), overall and by subcategories of age, sex, primary renal disease, and treatment modality. The correlation between gross domestic product and the prevalence of RRT was analyzed using linear regression. Trends in the prevalence of RRT between 2004 and 2013 were assessed using Joinpoint regression analysis. Results: In 2013, the overall incidence at day 91 after the onset of RRT was 181 pmp for Latin American countries and 130 pmp for European countries. The overall prevalence was 660 pmp for Latin America and 782 pmp for Europe. In the Latin American countries, the annual increase in the prevalence averaged 4.0% (95% confdence interval (CI): 2.5%-5.6%) from 2004 to 2013, while the European countries showed an average annual increase of 2.2% (95% CI: 2.0%-2.4%) for the same time period. The crude mortality rate was higher in Latin America than in Europe (112 versus 100 deaths per 1 000 patient-years), and cardiovascular disease was the main cause of death in both of those regions. Conclusions. There are considerable differences between Latin America and Europe in the epidemiology of RRT for ESRD. Further research is needed to explore the reasons for these differences.Peer reviewe

Estágio hospitalar em Optometria em Ciências da Visão

Realizado o primeiro ano do Mestrado em Optometria em Ciências da Visão, onde varias vezes abordamos o paciente de optometria sob uma perspectiva diferente, surge então a oportunidade de realizar um estágio hospitalar de forma a estar um pouco mais dentro do dia-adia desse campo que varias vezes tinha ouvido falar mas que ainda me era desconhecido. Com a aprovação e o apoio do Dr. Santiago Garcia, médico oftalmologista do Hospital Universitário de Salamanca, tive a oportunidade de conhecer esse novo mundo na cidade onde resido, Salamanca. O Hospital Universitário de Salamanca está dividido em duas secções principais, sendo que cada uma presta cuidados de atenção primária a metade da cidade (organizada geograficamente) e cuidados extras a toda a província de Salamanca. Uma dessas partes, denomina-se Hospital Clínico Universitário de Salamanca. A outra dá pelo nome de Hospital Universitário Virgen Vega e funciona apenas em regime ambulatório, transferindo qualquer caso que requeira cuidados especiais ou internamento ao H.C.U.S. O facto de estarem assim divididos traz várias vantagens a população em termos de efectividade e velocidade na atenção primária, mas aumenta os custos de manutenção e adaptação a nível técnico do hospital. Em consequência disso, há algumas provas em que temos de enviar o paciente ao H. C. U. S. pelo facto de não existirem meios técnicos no serviço do Virgen Vega, como por exemplo Tomografia de Coerência Óptica (O.C.T.). O meu estágio decorreu no serviço do Hospital Universitário Virgen Vega (Salamanca), de Outubro de 2008 a Maio de 2009, acompanhando o Dr. Santiago Garcia todas as segundasfeiras, no serviço de urgências oftalmológicas ou nas suas consultas diárias (1ª consulta e consultas de seguimento). A secção (2º andar do Centro de Especialidades da dita unidade hospitalar) dispõe de uma sala de espera, sete consultórios médicos, um gabinete de gestão da secção, um corredor interno para comunicação com enfermeiras e entre médicos, uma pequena sala para refractometria e uma sala com equipamentos extra e comuns a todos os médicos, onde se efectuam provas como biometria, biomicrofotografia, retinografia, campimetria, laser, angiografia, etc. A esta sala também se transladam pacientes suspeitos de problemas de visão binocular, pois dispõe de um foroptero que torna mais fácil o calculo de vergências, forias, acomodações relativas e outras funções. Cada consultório dispõe de um projector e caixa de prova, teste de leitura, computador, lâmpada de fenda com tonómetro de contacto integrado, oftalmoscópio directo, oftalmoscópio indirecto binocular com lente “Oculus”, lente de Volk para fundoscopia, lente de Goldmann “fundus camera” (Gonioscopia) e todo os consumíveis oftálmicos, como midriáticos, cicloplégicos, gotas anestesiantes, outras gotas ou pomadas oftálmicas para tratamentos primários, agulhas, compressas, etc. As consultas iniciavam às nove (9:00) e terminavam por volta das quinze (15:00) horas continuadamente. Os pacientes, exceptuando os dias de urgências, estavam organizados da tarde anterior e avisados, com consultas de quinze em quinze minutos. Quando entravam na sala de espera, os pacientes eram encaminhados por uma enfermeira que lhes fazia refractometria utilizando um auto-refractómetro TOPCON KR 8100P. Quando o paciente entra no consultório, o médico dispõe já de antemão a sua ficha com todo o historial oftalmológico e/ou clínico. Para a elaboração deste relatório de estágio decidi seleccionar alguns casos que me pareceram mais interessantes e descrever um pouco a forma como o mesmo foi abordado, as possibilidades terapêuticas e em alguns os resultados. Este relatório esta composto em duas partes distintas, a primeira onde se descrevem os referidos casos de maior interesse e uma segunda parte, composta pela analise de um caso clínico escolhido por mim e pelo orientador principal, onde se pode observar que a acção do oftalmologista compensada com a ajuda do optometrista, poderá aumentar sensivelmente a qualidade de vida do doente