Modelling the recovery of biocompounds from peach waste assisted by pulsed electric fields or thermal treatment

The recovery of non-purified bioactive extracts (70% ethanol) from peach pomace (PP) was assisted by conventional thermal treatment (CTT, 50 \ub0C up to 90 min) or pulsed electric fields (PEF, specific energy input, EV, of 0.0014\u20132.88 kJ/kg). The maximum concentration of biocompounds and antioxidant activity, assessed with spectrophotometric and HPLC methods, was obtained upon 40 min by CTT and 0.0014 kJ/kg by PEF, which took 16 \u3bcs. A two-step mechanism was proposed when CTT was applied, considering a first step (zero-order kinetic) in which the PP biocompounds were released into the extraction media and a second degradation stage (first-order). A significant relationship was found between EV and PP biocompound degradation during PEF extraction, and a two-term degradation model was proposed to explain obtained data. The CTT or PEF-assisted recovery of biocompounds from PP was adequately explained by the proposed mechanistic and empirical kinetic models, which are feasible tools to understand the involved phenomena in the extraction procedures

Modelling the recovery of biocompounds from peach waste assisted by pulsed electric fields or thermal treatment

The recovery of non-purified bioactive extracts (70% ethanol) from peach pomace (PP) was assisted by conventional thermal treatment (CTT, 50 \ub0C up to 90 min) or pulsed electric fields (PEF, specific energy input, EV, of 0.0014\u20132.88 kJ/kg). The maximum concentration of biocompounds and antioxidant activity, assessed with spectrophotometric and HPLC methods, was obtained upon 40 min by CTT and 0.0014 kJ/kg by PEF, which took 16 \u3bcs. A two-step mechanism was proposed when CTT was applied, considering a first step (zero-order kinetic) in which the PP biocompounds were released into the extraction media and a second degradation stage (first-order). A significant relationship was found between EV and PP biocompound degradation during PEF extraction, and a two-term degradation model was proposed to explain obtained data. The CTT or PEF-assisted recovery of biocompounds from PP was adequately explained by the proposed mechanistic and empirical kinetic models, which are feasible tools to understand the involved phenomena in the extraction procedures

Circulating microRNAs in sera correlate with soluble biomarkers of immune activation but do not predict mortality in ART treated individuals with HIV-1 infection: A case control study

Introduction: The use of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced HIV-1 associated morbidity and mortality. However, HIV-1 infected individuals have increased rates of morbidity and mortality compared to the non-HIV-1 infected population and this appears to be related to end-organ diseases collectively referred to as Serious Non-AIDS Events (SNAEs). Circulating miRNAs are reported as promising biomarkers for a number of human disease conditions including those that constitute SNAEs. Our study sought to investigate the potential of selected miRNAs in predicting mortality in HIV-1 infected ART treated individuals. Materials and Methods: A set of miRNAs was chosen based on published associations with human disease conditions that constitute SNAEs. This case: control study compared 126 cases (individuals who died whilst on therapy), and 247 matched controls (individuals who remained alive). Cases and controls were ART treated participants of two pivotal HIV-1 trials. The relative abundance of each miRNA in serum was measured, by RTqPCR. Associations with mortality (all-cause, cardiovascular and malignancy) were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Correlations between miRNAs and CD4+ T cell count, hs-CRP, IL-6 and D-dimer were also assessed. Results: None of the selected miRNAs was associated with all-cause, cardiovascular or malignancy mortality. The levels of three miRNAs (miRs -21, -122 and -200a) correlated with IL-6 while miR-21 also correlated with D-dimer. Additionally, the abundance of miRs -31, -150 and -223, correlated with baseline CD4+ T cell count while the same three miRNAs plus miR- 145 correlated with nadir CD4+ T cell count. Discussion: No associations with mortality were found with any circulating miRNA studied. These results cast doubt onto the effectiveness of circulating miRNA as early predictors of mortality or the major underlying diseases that contribute to mortality in participants treated for HIV-1 infection

Oral abstracts of the 21st International AIDS Conference 18-22 July 2016, Durban, South Africa

The rate at which HIV-1 infected individuals progress to AIDS is highly variable and impacted by T cell immunity. CD8 T cell inhibitory molecules are up-regulated in HIV-1 infection and associate with immune dysfunction. We evaluated participants (n=122) recruited to the SPARTAC randomised clinical trial to determine whether CD8 T cell exhaustion markers PD-1, Lag-3 and Tim-3 were associated with immune activation and disease progression.Expression of PD-1, Tim-3, Lag-3 and CD38 on CD8 T cells from the closest pre-therapy time-point to seroconversion was measured by flow cytometry, and correlated with surrogate markers of HIV-1 disease (HIV-1 plasma viral load (pVL) and CD4 T cell count) and the trial endpoint (time to CD4 count <350 cells/μl or initiation of antiretroviral therapy). To explore the functional significance of these markers, co-expression of Eomes, T-bet and CD39 was assessed.Expression of PD-1 on CD8 and CD38 CD8 T cells correlated with pVL and CD4 count at baseline, and predicted time to the trial endpoint. Lag-3 expression was associated with pVL but not CD4 count. For all exhaustion markers, expression of CD38 on CD8 T cells increased the strength of associations. In Cox models, progression to the trial endpoint was most marked for PD-1/CD38 co-expressing cells, with evidence for a stronger effect within 12 weeks from confirmed diagnosis of PHI. The effect of PD-1 and Lag-3 expression on CD8 T cells retained statistical significance in Cox proportional hazards models including antiretroviral therapy and CD4 count, but not pVL as co-variants.Expression of ‘exhaustion’ or ‘immune checkpoint’ markers in early HIV-1 infection is associated with clinical progression and is impacted by immune activation and the duration of infection. New markers to identify exhausted T cells and novel interventions to reverse exhaustion may inform the development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches

Development and Validation of a Risk Score for Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV Infection Using Prospective Cohort Data from the D:A:D Study

Ristola M. on työryhmien DAD Study Grp ; Royal Free Hosp Clin Cohort ; INSIGHT Study Grp ; SMART Study Grp ; ESPRIT Study Grp jäsen.Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health issue for HIV-positive individuals, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Development and implementation of a risk score model for CKD would allow comparison of the risks and benefits of adding potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals to a treatment regimen and would identify those at greatest risk of CKD. The aims of this study were to develop a simple, externally validated, and widely applicable long-term risk score model for CKD in HIV-positive individuals that can guide decision making in clinical practice. Methods and Findings A total of 17,954 HIV-positive individuals from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study with >= 3 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values after 1 January 2004 were included. Baseline was defined as the first eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 after 1 January 2004; individuals with exposure to tenofovir, atazanavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, other boosted protease inhibitors before baseline were excluded. CKD was defined as confirmed (>3 mo apart) eGFR In the D:A:D study, 641 individuals developed CKD during 103,185 person-years of follow-up (PYFU; incidence 6.2/1,000 PYFU, 95% CI 5.7-6.7; median follow-up 6.1 y, range 0.3-9.1 y). Older age, intravenous drug use, hepatitis C coinfection, lower baseline eGFR, female gender, lower CD4 count nadir, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) predicted CKD. The adjusted incidence rate ratios of these nine categorical variables were scaled and summed to create the risk score. The median risk score at baseline was -2 (interquartile range -4 to 2). There was a 1: 393 chance of developing CKD in the next 5 y in the low risk group (risk score = 5, 505 events), respectively. Number needed to harm (NNTH) at 5 y when starting unboosted atazanavir or lopinavir/ritonavir among those with a low risk score was 1,702 (95% CI 1,166-3,367); NNTH was 202 (95% CI 159-278) and 21 (95% CI 19-23), respectively, for those with a medium and high risk score. NNTH was 739 (95% CI 506-1462), 88 (95% CI 69-121), and 9 (95% CI 8-10) for those with a low, medium, and high risk score, respectively, starting tenofovir, atazanavir/ritonavir, or another boosted protease inhibitor. The Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort included 2,548 individuals, of whom 94 individuals developed CKD (3.7%) during 18,376 PYFU (median follow-up 7.4 y, range 0.3-12.7 y). Of 2,013 individuals included from the SMART/ESPRIT control arms, 32 individuals developed CKD (1.6%) during 8,452 PYFU (median follow-up 4.1 y, range 0.6-8.1 y). External validation showed that the risk score predicted well in these cohorts. Limitations of this study included limited data on race and no information on proteinuria. Conclusions Both traditional and HIV-related risk factors were predictive of CKD. These factors were used to develop a risk score for CKD in HIV infection, externally validated, that has direct clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to weigh the benefits of certain antiretrovirals against the risk of CKD and to identify those at greatest risk of CKD.Peer reviewe

XXVI Congreso Nacional y II Congreso Internacional de SEDEM

Organizan: Sociedad Española de Educación Médica y Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)Comunicaciones aceptadas en el XXVI Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Educación Médica, celebrado en Bilbao del 28 al 30 de noviembre de 2024

A novel functional fresh-cut product of papaya (Carica papaya L. Maradol) using vacuum impregnation and edible coatings

Fruit matrixes, like papaya (Carica papaya L. 'Maradol') may serve as a vehicle for micronutrients and bioactive components to obtain "functional fruits". In this work, a functional fresh-cut papaya product was elaborated by pulsed vacuum impregnation with isotonic solutions containing calcium, zinc, ascorbic and folic acid, bifidobacteria and oligofructose. Vacuum impregnated fruit cylinders were coated with alginate or gellan-based edible films, which could also transport bitidobacteria. The shelf life of the fresh-cut fruit was 12 days at 4°C. Flavor-related parameters (total soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity) remained stable during storage and overall quality and sensory attributes of treated fruit improved significantly. Results of sensory test (trained panel and consumers) showed a high degree of acceptance. (Résumé d'auteur