Non-Catastrophic Endogenous Growth with Pollution and Abatement

When there are pollution externalities the competitive equilibrium is not Pareto-optimal nor environmentally sustainable even if abatement activities are endogenously decided. In this paper we introduce the possibility of an ecological catastrophe like the one predicted by the global climate change, imposing the constraint of an upper-limit to the pollutants stock. We characterize the socially optimal solution and study conditions for the sustainability of the balanced growth path. We find a trade-off between environmental quality and growth. The rate of growth depends negatively on the weight of environmental care in the utility function and positively on the population growth rate. We show that the emissions reduction recommended in the Kioto protocol is an appropriate policy to avoid the ecological catastrophe and ensure global efficiency and positive long-run growth.Environment, Externalities, Optimal Growth, Ecological Catastrophe, Sustainability.

El papel de los biosimilares en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Una realidad en nuestro país

La Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal (EEI) es un término con el que se conocen varias entidades, las dos más importantes: la Colitis Ulcerativa Idiopática (CUI) y la Enfermedad de Crohn (EC), cuyo origen es multifactorial y se caracterizan por un fenómeno inflamatorio, crónico, recurrente con diferentes grados de severidad del tubo digestivo; pero además con afectación potencial de otros órganos. En la última década ha habido un renovado interés en dichas entidades, debido a una incidencia creciente de estas pero también debido al desarrollo de medicamentos que por primera vez están cambiando la historia natural de estas enfermedades; son los medicamentos llamados biológicos, que son aquellos producidos o derivados de organismos vivos y representan el sector de mayor crecimiento en la industria farmacéutica mundial. Debido al interés comercial se han desarrollado y sometido a las autoridades reguladoras productos no originadores, similares pero no idénticos a los productos de referencia. La Agencia Europea Reguladora de Medicamentos aprobó el primer biosimilar del infliximab, para todas las indicaciones en las cuales este estaba aprobado; incluidas: Colitis Ulcerativa (CU) moderada a severa en todas las edades, Enfermedad de Crohn (EC) moderada a severa en todas las edades, al igual que EC fistulizante, Artritis Psoríasica (AP), Psoriasis (P), Espondilitis Anquilosante (EA), y en Artritis Reumatoide (AR) (6). En esta revisión nos proponemos definir lo que son estos productos al igual de unos conceptos acuñados al uso de estos (extrapolación, sustitución e intercambiabilidad), además hacer una revisión histórica de su desarrollo, sus indicaciones actuales las posiciones de las diferentes asociaciones científicas con respecto a estos y lo más importante brindar datos de la vida real en cuanto a su efectividad, seguridad y costos en los diferentes países en donde se han estado usando. The term Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is used to identify several entities, the two most important of which are Idiopathic Ulcerative Colitis (IUC) and Crohn’s Disease (EC). Both are multifactorial in origin, are chronic and recurrent, are characterized by inflammation, have varying degrees of severity, and potentially involve other organs. In the last decade there has been renewed interest in these entities due to growing incidence and to the development of drugs called biologicals. For the first time, these drugs have changed the natural history of these diseases. They are produced or derived from living organisms and represent the fastest growing sector in the global pharmaceutical industry. Due to commercial interest, products similar but not identical to the original products have been developed and submitted to regulatory authorities. The European Medicines Agency has approved the first biosimilar for infliximab for all indications for which it has been approved. These include moderate to severe ulcerative colitis (UC) at all ages, moderate to severe Crohn’s disease (CD) at all ages, fistulizing Crohn’s disease, Psoriasic arthritis, Psoriasis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, and Rheumatoid Arthritis. In this review, we define what these products are, as well as some concepts coined for their usage including extrapolation, substitution and interchangeability. We also make a historical review of their development, current indications, the positions of various scientific associations with respect to them, and - most importantly - provide real-life data regarding their effectiveness, safety and costs in countries where they have been used

Relationships between spawn quality and biochemical composition of eggs and hatchlings of Octopus vulgaris under different parental diets

Versión del editor2,041

Health behaviour of school children at the province of Cádiz

[ES] Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio ha sido analizar algunas características de las conductas relacionadas con la salud en escolares de la provincia de Cádiz, centrándose en la práctica de deporte y actividad física y en los hábitos alimenticios. Metodología: Participaron 738 alumnos, con una media de edad de 12,2 años que cursaban desde primero de educación primaria hasta segundo de bachillerato. La muestra estaba compuesta por un 50,9% de chicos y un 49,1% de chicas, a los que se aplicó la versión española del Inventario de Conductas de Salud en Escolares. Resultados: Existían diferencias entre ambos sexos en cuanto al porcentaje de aquellos que afirmaban no practicar nunca deporte, mayor en el caso de las chicas. Los chicos practicaban deporte y realizaban actividad física de mayor intensidad que las chicas, siendo también mayor la duración de dicha práctica. Un porcentaje elevado consideraba su forma física buena o normal y solo regular en una pequeña parte. Más de la mitad de los sujetos percibían un apoyo para la práctica por parte de padres y madres, siendo menor el apoyo de hermanos y amigos. Una parte importante de los alumnos no desayunaba todos los días de la semana y algunos no realizaban esta primera comida del día. Un porcentaje muy alto de los sujetos consumía golosinas o dulces de forma habitual, siendo también elevado el consumo de patatas fritas, de frutos secos y de hamburguesas o salchichas. Cerca de una cuarta parte reconocía no consumir nunca verduras u hortalizas. Conclusiones: Los resultado obtenidos confirman la necesidad de una adecuada educación sobre hábitos de vida saludable y el desarrollo de programas de intervención en niños y jóvenes, aconsejando sobre dieta y actividad física y prestando especial interés a las chicas, que constituyen el grupo menos físico activamente y con mayor riesgo de padecer trastornos.[EN] Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze some characteristics of health-related behaviour in school children at the province of Cadiz, centering on engagement in sports and physical activity, and on dietary habits. Methodology: Participants were 738 students, mean age 12.2 years, from primary school o high school. 50.9% were boys and 49.1% girls, who responded a Spanish adaptation of the Health Behavior in Schoolchildren Inventory. Results: Sex differences were observed in the percentage of subjects not engaged in sports, which was higher in girls. Boys practiced sports and physical activity at a higher intensity and more time than girls. A large number of subjects considered good or normal their physical fitness, with only and small percentage describing it as regular. More than half of participants felt a support by parents, and to a smaller extent by brothers and friends. An important part of the subjects did not have breakfast every day, and some even never. A high percentage of the sample ate candies 1 to 3 days per week, being also high the intake of chips, nuts, hamburgers and sausages. Near a quarter of subjects reported not to consume vegetables. Conclusions: Results obtained confirm the necessity of an adequate lifestyle habits education and the development of intervention programs in children and youth, counseling on diet and physical activity and targeting on girls, who are less physically active and on risk of serious disorders.S

Cover Contact Graphs.

We study problems that arise in the context of covering certain geometric objects (so-called seeds, e.g., points or disks) by a set of other geometric objects (a so-called cover, e.g., a set of disks or homothetic triangles). We insist that the interiors of the seeds and the cover elements are pair wise disjoint, but they can touch. We call the contact graph of a cover a cover contact graph (CCG). We are interested in two types of tasks: (a) deciding whether a given seed set has a connected CCG, and (b) deciding whether a given graph has a realization as a CCG on a given seed set. Concerning task (a) we give efficient algorithms for the case that seeds are points and covers are disks or triangles. We show that the problem becomes NP-hard if seeds and covers are disks. Concerning task (b) we show that it is even NP-hard for point seeds and disk covers (given a fixed correspondence between vertices and seeds)

Wavelength calibration and resolving power of the JWST MIRI Medium Resolution Spectrometer

Instrumentatio

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362