981 research outputs found
The Hospital Burden Associated With Intergenerational Contact With the Welfare System in Australia
Importance: Intergenerational welfare contact is a policy issue because of the personal and social costs of entrenched disadvantage; yet, few studies have quantified the burden associated with intergenerational welfare contact for health. Objective: To examine the proportion of individuals who experienced intergenerational welfare contact and other welfare contact types and to estimate their cause-specific hospital burden. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used a whole-of-population linked administrative dataset of individuals followed from birth to age 20 years using deidentified data from the Better Evidence Better Outcomes Linked Data platform (Australian Government Centrelink [welfare payments], birth registration, perinatal birth records, and inpatient hospitalizations). Participants included individuals born in South Australia from 1991 to 1995 and their parents. Analysis was undertaken from January 2020 to June 2022. Exposures: Using Australian Government Centrelink data, welfare contact was defined as 1 or more parents receiving a means-tested welfare payment (low-income, unemployment, disability, or caring) when children were aged 11 to 15 years, or youth receiving payment at ages 16 to 20 years. Intergenerational welfare contact was defined as welfare contact occurring in both parent and offspring generations. Offspring were classified as: no welfare contact, parent-only welfare contact, offspring-only welfare contact, or intergenerational welfare contact. Main Outcomes and Measures: Hospitalization rates and cumulative incidence were estimated by age, hospitalization cause, and welfare contact group. Results: A total of 94 358 offspring (48 589 [51.5%] male) and 143 814 parents were included in analyses. The study population included 32 969 offspring (34.9%) who experienced intergenerational welfare contact. These individuals were more socioeconomically disadvantaged at birth and had the highest hospitalization rate (133.5 hospitalizations per 1000 person-years) compared with individuals with no welfare contact (46.1 hospitalizations per 1000 person-years), individuals with parent-only welfare contact (75.0 hospitalizations per 1000 person-years), and individuals with offspring-only welfare contact (87.6 hospitalizations per 1000 person-years). Hospitalizations were frequently related to injury, mental health, and pregnancy. For example, the proportion of individuals with intergenerational welfare contact who had experienced at least 1 hospitalization at ages 16 to 20 years was highest for injury (9.0% [95% CI, 8.7%-9.3%]). Conclusions and Relevance: In this population-based cohort study, individuals who experienced intergenerational welfare contact represented one-third of the population aged 11 to 20 years. Compared with individuals with parent-only welfare contact, individuals with intergenerational welfare contact were more disadvantaged at birth and had 78% higher hospitalization rates from age 11 to 20 years, accounting for more than half of all hospitalizations. Frequent hospitalization causes were injuries, mental health, and pregnancy. This study provides the policy-relevant estimate for what it could mean to break cycles of disadvantage for reducing hospital burden.Alexandra M. Procter, Catherine R. Chittleborough, Rhiannon M. Pilkington, Odette Pearson, Alicia Montgomerie, John W. Lync
DXA-derived hip shape is related to osteoarthritis:findings from in the MrOS cohort
BF conducted this research whilst on a clinical research primer fellowship awarded by the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute, University of Bristol, UK. This study was funded by Arthritis Research UK project grant ref 20244. CG is funded by Arthritis Research UK grant ref 20000. The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study is supported by National Institutes of Health funding. The following institutes provide support: the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research under the following grant numbers: R01 AR052000, K24 AR048841, U01 AG027810, U01 AG042124, U01 AG042139, U01 AG042140, U01 AG042143, U01 AG042145, U01 AG042168, U01 AR066160, and UL1 TR000128.Peer reviewedPostprin
Deflection and Rotation of CMEs from Active Region 11158
Between the 13 and 16 of February 2011 a series of coronal mass ejections
(CMEs) erupted from multiple polarity inversion lines within active region
11158. For seven of these CMEs we use the Graduated Cylindrical Shell (GCS)
flux rope model to determine the CME trajectory using both Solar Terrestrial
Relations Observatory (STEREO) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and coronagraph
images. We then use the Forecasting a CME's Altered Trajectory (ForeCAT) model
for nonradial CME dynamics driven by magnetic forces, to simulate the
deflection and rotation of the seven CMEs. We find good agreement between the
ForeCAT results and the reconstructed CME positions and orientations. The CME
deflections range in magnitude between 10 degrees and 30 degrees. All CMEs
deflect to the north but we find variations in the direction of the
longitudinal deflection. The rotations range between 5\mydeg and 50\mydeg with
both clockwise and counterclockwise rotations occurring. Three of the CMEs
begin with initial positions within 2 degrees of one another. These three CMEs
all deflect primarily northward, with some minor eastward deflection, and
rotate counterclockwise. Their final positions and orientations, however,
respectively differ by 20 degrees and 30 degrees. This variation in deflection
and rotation results from differences in the CME expansion and radial
propagation close to the Sun, as well as the CME mass. Ultimately, only one of
these seven CMEs yielded discernible in situ signatures near Earth, despite the
active region facing near Earth throughout the eruptions. We suggest that the
differences in the deflection and rotation of the CMEs can explain whether each
CME impacted or missed the Earth.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures, accepted in Solar Physic
A Helicity-Based Method to Infer the CME Magnetic Field Magnitude in Sun and Geospace: Generalization and Extension to Sun-Like and M-Dwarf Stars and Implications for Exoplanet Habitability
Patsourakos et al. (Astrophys. J. 817, 14, 2016) and Patsourakos and
Georgoulis (Astron. Astrophys. 595, A121, 2016) introduced a method to infer
the axial magnetic field in flux-rope coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in the
solar corona and farther away in the interplanetary medium. The method, based
on the conservation principle of magnetic helicity, uses the relative magnetic
helicity of the solar source region as input estimates, along with the radius
and length of the corresponding CME flux rope. The method was initially applied
to cylindrical force-free flux ropes, with encouraging results. We hereby
extend our framework along two distinct lines. First, we generalize our
formalism to several possible flux-rope configurations (linear and nonlinear
force-free, non-force-free, spheromak, and torus) to investigate the dependence
of the resulting CME axial magnetic field on input parameters and the employed
flux-rope configuration. Second, we generalize our framework to both Sun-like
and active M-dwarf stars hosting superflares. In a qualitative sense, we find
that Earth may not experience severe atmosphere-eroding magnetospheric
compression even for eruptive solar superflares with energies ~ 10^4 times
higher than those of the largest Geostationary Operational Environmental
Satellite (GOES) X-class flares currently observed. In addition, the two
recently discovered exoplanets with the highest Earth-similarity index, Kepler
438b and Proxima b, seem to lie in the prohibitive zone of atmospheric erosion
due to interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs), except when they possess planetary magnetic
fields that are much higher than that of Earth.Comment: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SoPh..292...89
The prediction of preference for unfamiliar urban places
Preferences for unfamiliar urban environments were studied as a function of urban categories, viewing time, and four predictor variables: complexity, coherence, identifiability, and mystery. A nonmetric factor analysis of the preference ratings for the longest viewing-time condition yielded five dimensions: Contemporary Life, Alley/Factory, Urban Nature, Unusual Architecture, and Older Buildings. The five categories differed significantly in preference, with Urban Nature by far the most preferred and Alley/Factory distinctly disliked. The combination of low coherence and high complexity characterizes the least liked Alley/Factory category, while the role of mystery in the urban setting is highlighted by the most preferred Urban Nature category. The results point to various ways in which the urban environment could be more responsive to people's preferences.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43513/1/11111_2005_Article_BF01359051.pd
Genetic Relationships of Crown Rust Resistance, Grain Yield, Test Weight, and Seed Weight in Oat
Integrating selection for agronomic performance and quantitative resistance to crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata Corda var. avenae W.P. Fraser & Ledingham, in oat (Avena sativa L.) requires an understanding of their genetic relationships. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic relationships of crown rust resistance, grain yield, test weight, and seed weight under both inoculated and fungicide-treated conditions. A Design II mating was performed between 10 oat lines with putative partial resistance to crown rust and nine lines with superior grain yield and grain quality potential. Progenies from this mating were evaluated in both crown rust-inoculated and fungicide-treated plots in four Iowa environments to estimate genetic effects and phenotypic correlations between crown rust resistance and grain yield, seed weight, and test weight under either infection or fungicide-treated conditions. Lines from a random-mated population derived from the same parents were evaluated in three Iowa environments to estimate heritabilities of, and genetic correlations between, these traits. Resistance to crown rust, as measured by area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), was highly heritable (H = 0.89 on an entry-mean basis), and was favorably correlated with grain yield, seed weight, and test weight measured in crown rust-inoculated plots. AUDPC was unfavorably correlated or uncorrelated with grain yield, test weight, and seed weight measured in fungicide-treated plots. To improve simultaneously crown rust resistance, grain yield, and seed weight under both lower and higher levels of crown rust infection, an optimum selection index can be developed with the genetic parameters estimated in this stud
Time-integrated luminosity recorded by the BABAR detector at the PEP-II e+e- collider
This article is the Preprint version of the final published artcile which can be accessed at the link below.We describe a measurement of the time-integrated luminosity of the data collected by the BABAR experiment at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy e+e- collider at the ϒ(4S), ϒ(3S), and ϒ(2S) resonances and in a continuum region below each resonance. We measure the time-integrated luminosity by counting e+e-→e+e- and (for the ϒ(4S) only) e+e-→μ+μ- candidate events, allowing additional photons in the final state. We use data-corrected simulation to determine the cross-sections and reconstruction efficiencies for these processes, as well as the major backgrounds. Due to the large cross-sections of e+e-→e+e- and e+e-→μ+μ-, the statistical uncertainties of the measurement are substantially smaller than the systematic uncertainties. The dominant systematic uncertainties are due to observed differences between data and simulation, as well as uncertainties on the cross-sections. For data collected on the ϒ(3S) and ϒ(2S) resonances, an additional uncertainty arises due to ϒ→e+e-X background. For data collected off the ϒ resonances, we estimate an additional uncertainty due to time dependent efficiency variations, which can affect the short off-resonance runs. The relative uncertainties on the luminosities of the on-resonance (off-resonance) samples are 0.43% (0.43%) for the ϒ(4S), 0.58% (0.72%) for the ϒ(3S), and 0.68% (0.88%) for the ϒ(2S).This work is supported by the US Department of Energy and National Science Foundation, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada), the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physiquedes Particules (France), the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Germany), the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Italy), the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (The Netherlands), the Research Council of Norway, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain), and the Science and Technology Facilities Council (United Kingdom). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie IEF program (European Union) and the A.P. Sloan Foundation (USA)
Intercalibration of the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at start-up
Calibration of the relative response of the individual channels of the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS detector was accomplished, before installation, with cosmic ray muons and test beams. One fourth of the calorimeter was exposed to a beam of high energy electrons and the relative calibration of the channels, the intercalibration, was found to be reproducible to a precision of about 0.3%. Additionally, data were collected with cosmic rays for the entire ECAL barrel during the commissioning phase. By comparing the intercalibration constants obtained with the electron beam data with those from the cosmic ray data, it is demonstrated that the latter provide an intercalibration precision of 1.5% over most of the barrel ECAL. The best intercalibration precision is expected to come from the analysis of events collected in situ during the LHC operation. Using data collected with both electrons and pion beams, several aspects of the intercalibration procedures based on electrons or neutral pions were investigated
Origins of the Ambient Solar Wind: Implications for Space Weather
The Sun's outer atmosphere is heated to temperatures of millions of degrees,
and solar plasma flows out into interplanetary space at supersonic speeds. This
paper reviews our current understanding of these interrelated problems: coronal
heating and the acceleration of the ambient solar wind. We also discuss where
the community stands in its ability to forecast how variations in the solar
wind (i.e., fast and slow wind streams) impact the Earth. Although the last few
decades have seen significant progress in observations and modeling, we still
do not have a complete understanding of the relevant physical processes, nor do
we have a quantitatively precise census of which coronal structures contribute
to specific types of solar wind. Fast streams are known to be connected to the
central regions of large coronal holes. Slow streams, however, appear to come
from a wide range of sources, including streamers, pseudostreamers, coronal
loops, active regions, and coronal hole boundaries. Complicating our
understanding even more is the fact that processes such as turbulence,
stream-stream interactions, and Coulomb collisions can make it difficult to
unambiguously map a parcel measured at 1 AU back down to its coronal source. We
also review recent progress -- in theoretical modeling, observational data
analysis, and forecasting techniques that sit at the interface between data and
theory -- that gives us hope that the above problems are indeed solvable.Comment: Accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews. Special issue
connected with a 2016 ISSI workshop on "The Scientific Foundations of Space
Weather." 44 pages, 9 figure
Measurement of the B0-anti-B0-Oscillation Frequency with Inclusive Dilepton Events
The - oscillation frequency has been measured with a sample of
23 million \B\bar B pairs collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II
asymmetric B Factory at SLAC. In this sample, we select events in which both B
mesons decay semileptonically and use the charge of the leptons to identify the
flavor of each B meson. A simultaneous fit to the decay time difference
distributions for opposite- and same-sign dilepton events gives ps.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, submitted to Physical Review Letter
- …