Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase: the first crystallization of a human mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.

Human mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase and a truncated version with its C-terminal S4-like domain deleted were purified and crystallized. Only the truncated version, which is active in tyrosine activation and Escherichia coli tRNA(Tyr) charging, yielded crystals suitable for structure determination. These tetragonal crystals, belonging to space group P4(3)2(1)2, were obtained in the presence of PEG 4000 as a crystallizing agent and diffracted X-rays to 2.7 A resolution. Complete data sets could be collected and led to structure solution by molecular replacement.journal articleresearch support, non-u.s. gov't2007 Apr 012007 03 30importe

Loss-of-function mutations in SIM1 contribute to obesity and Prader-Willi-like features

Sim1 haploinsufficiency in mice induces hyperphagic obesity and developmental abnormalities of the brain. In humans, abnormalities in chromosome 6q16, a region that includes SIM1, were reported in obese children with a Prader-Willi–like syndrome; however, SIM1 involvement in obesity has never been conclusively demonstrated. Here, SIM1 was sequenced in 44 children with Prader-Willi–like syndrome features, 198 children with severe early-onset obesity, 568 morbidly obese adults, and 383 controls. We identified 4 rare variants (p.I128T, p.Q152E, p.R581G, and p.T714A) in 4 children with Prader-Willi–like syndrome features (including severe obesity) and 4 other rare variants (p.T46R, p.E62K, p.H323Y, and p.D740H) in 7 morbidly obese adults. By assessing the carriers’ relatives, we found a significant contribution of SIM1 rare variants to intra-family risk for obesity. We then assessed functional effects of the 8 substitutions on SIM1 transcriptional activities in stable cell lines using luciferase gene reporter assays. Three mutations showed strong loss-of-function effects (p.T46R, p.H323Y, and p.T714A) and were associated with high intra-family risk for obesity, while the variants with mild or no effects on SIM1 activity were not associated with obesity within families. Our genetic and functional studies demonstrate a firm link between SIM1 loss of function and severe obesity associated with, or independent of, Prader-Willi–like features.Amélie Bonnefond, Anne Raimondo, Fanny Stutzmann, Maya Ghoussaini, Shwetha Ramachandrappa, David C. Bersten, Emmanuelle Durand, Vincent Vatin, Beverley Balkau, Olivier Lantieri, Violeta Raverdy, François Pattou, Wim Van Hul, Luc Van Gaal, Daniel J. Peet, Jacques Weill, Jennifer L. Miller, Fritz Horber, Anthony P. Goldstone, Daniel J. Driscoll, John B. Bruning, David Meyre, Murray L. Whitelaw and Philippe Frogue

Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Altimetry for the future: building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Human mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase,functional and structural idiosyncrasies and position in evolution

Ma thèse porte sur l'étude fonctionnelle et structurale des partenaires de la réaction d'aminoacylation spécifique de la tyrosine dans la mitochondrie humaine. Contrairement à ce qui a été observé pour les autres systèmes d'aminoacylation, les réactions de charges croisées entre bactéries et archaea/eucaryotes sont impossibles suite à la nature différente de la première paire de bases de l'ARNtTyr. La tyrosyl-ARNt synthétase (TyrRS) mitochondriale humaine est la première TyrRS connue à ce jour qui s'affranchisse de la barrière d'espèces et qui ne discrimine pas les ARNtTyr en fonction de la nature de leur première paire de bases. La TyrRS mitochondriale est un homodimère de forme allongée susceptible de fixer l'ARNtTyr à cheval sur ses deux monomères. Elle se distingue des autres TyrRS par la présence de deux insertions à sa surface, l'une potentiellement impliquée dans la reconnaissance de l'ARNtTyr et l'autre qui pourrait constituer une zone d'interaction avec un cofacteur.My thesis focuses on the functional and structural characterization of the tyrosine specific aminoacylation system from human mitochondria. Unlike the general situation found in other aminoacylation systems, cross-reactions between bacteria and archea/eukarya are impossible due to the difference of tRNATyr first base pair. Human mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) is the first known TyrRS overcoming the species barrier and that doesn t discriminate tRNATyr for their first base pair. The mitochondrial TyrRS is an homodimer of elongated shape that will like likely bind one tRNATyr molecule across both subunits. It differs from other TyrRS by the presence of two insertions at its surface, the first one being potentially implicated in the tRNATyr binding and the second one that could serve as a co-factor binding interface

Human mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase,functional and structural idiosyncrasies and position in evolution

Ma thèse porte sur l'étude fonctionnelle et structurale des partenaires de la réaction d'aminoacylation spécifique de la tyrosine dans la mitochondrie humaine. Contrairement à ce qui a été observé pour les autres systèmes d'aminoacylation, les réactions dMy thesis focuses on the functional and structural characterization of the tyrosine specific aminoacylation system from human mitochondria. Unlike the general situation found in other aminoacylation systems, cross-reactions between bacteria and archea/eu

La tyrosyl-ARNt synthétase mitochondriale humaine : originalités fonctionnelles, structurales et place dans l'évolution

My thesis focuses on the functional and structural characterization of the tyrosine specific aminoacylation system from human mitochondria. Unlike the general situation found in other aminoacylation systems, cross-reactions between bacteria and archea/eukarya are impossible due to the difference of tRNATyr first base pair. Human mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) is the first known TyrRS overcoming the species barrier and that doesn't discriminate tRNATyr for their first base pair. The mitochondrial TyrRS is an homodimer of elongated shape that will like likely bind one tRNATyr molecule across both subunits. It differs from other TyrRS by the presence of two insertions at its surface, the first one being potentially implicated in the tRNATyr binding and the second one that could serve as a co-factor binding interface.Ma thèse porte sur l'étude fonctionnelle et structurale des partenaires de la réaction d'aminoacylation spécifique de la tyrosine dans la mitochondrie humaine. Contrairement à ce qui a été observé pour les autres systèmes d'aminoacylation, les réactions de charges croisées entre bactéries et archaea/eucaryotes sont impossibles suite à la nature différente de la première paire de bases de l'ARNtTyr. La tyrosyl-ARNt synthétase (TyrRS) mitochondriale humaine est la première TyrRS connue à ce jour qui s'affranchisse de la barrière d'espèces et qui ne discrimine pas les ARNtTyr en fonction de la nature de leur première paire de bases. La TyrRS mitochondriale est un homodimère de forme allongée susceptible de fixer l'ARNtTyr à cheval sur ses deux monomères. Elle se distingue des autres TyrRS par la présence de deux insertions à sa surface, l'une potentiellement impliquée dans la reconnaissance de l'ARNtTyr et l'autre qui pourrait constituer une zone d'interaction avec un cofacteur

Decreased aminoacylation in pathology-related mutants of mitochondrial tRNATyr is associated with structural perturbations in tRNA architecture

A growing number of human pathologies are ascribed to mutations in mitochondrial tRNA genes. Here, we report biochemical investigations on three mt-tRNATyr molecules with point substitutions associated with diseases. The mutations occur in the atypical T- and D-loops at positions homologous to those involved in the tertiary interaction network of canonical tRNAs. They do not correspond to tyrosine identity positions and likely do not contact the mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase during the aminoacylation process. The impact of these substitutions on mt-tRNATyr tyrosylation and structure was investigated using the corresponding tRNA transcripts. In vitro tyrosylation efficiency is decreased 600-fold for mutant A22G (mitochondrial gene mutation T5874C), 40-fold for G15A (C5877T), and is without significant effect on U54C (A5843G). Comparative solution probings with lead and nucleases on mutant and wild-type tRNATyr molecules reveal a greater sensitivity to single-strand specific probes for mutants G15A and A22G. For both transcripts, the mutation triggers a structural destabilization in the D-loop that propagates toward the anticodon arm and thus hinders efficient tyrosylation. Further probing analysis combined with phylogenetic data support the participation of G15 and A22 in the tertiary network of human mt-tRNATyr via nonclassical Watson–Crick G15–C48 and G13–A22 pairings. In contrast, the pathogenic effect of the tyrosylable mutant U54C, where structure is only marginally affected, has to be sought at another level of the tRNATyr life cycle

Human mitochondrial TyrRS disobeys the tyrosine identity rules

Human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from mitochondria (mt-TyrRS) presents dual sequence features characteristic of eubacterial and archaeal TyrRSs, especially in the region containing amino acids recognizing the N1-N72 tyrosine identity pair. This would imply that human mt-TyrRS has lost the capacity to discriminate between the G1-C72 pair typical of eubacterial and mitochondrial tRNA(Tyr) and the reverse pair C1-G72 present in archaeal and eukaryal tRNA(Tyr). This expectation was verified by a functional analysis of wild-type or mutated tRNA(Tyr) molecules, showing that mt-TyrRS aminoacylates with similar catalytic efficiency its cognate tRNA(Tyr) with G1-C72 and its mutated version with C1-G72. This provides the first example of a TyrRS lacking specificity toward N1-N72 and thus of a TyrRS disobeying the identity rules. Sequence comparisons of mt-TyrRSs across phylogeny suggest that the functional behavior of the human mt-TyrRS is conserved among all vertebrate mt-TyrRSs

Occurence of a growth hormone in the ovine placenta

Résumé A39International audienc