Sushi in the United States, 1945-1970

Sushi first achieved widespread popularity in the United States in the mid-1960s. Many accounts of sushi’s US establishment foreground the role of a small number of key actors, yet underplay the role of a complex web of large-scale factors that provided the context in which sushi was able to flourish. This article critically reviews existing literature, arguing that sushi’s US popularity arose from contingent, long-term, and gradual processes. It examines US newspaper accounts of sushi during 1945–1970, which suggest the discursive context for US acceptance of sushi was considerably more propitious than generally acknowledged. Using California as a case study, the analysis also explains conducive social and material factors, and directs attention to the interplay of supply- and demand-side forces in the favorable positioning of this “new” food. The article argues that the US establishment of sushi can be understood as part of broader public acceptance of Japanese cuisine

The control of ventilation is dissociated from locomotion during walking in sheep

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the frequency response of the systems controlling the motor activity of breathing and walking in quadrupeds is compatible with the idea that supra-spinal locomotor centres could proportionally drive locomotion and ventilation. The locomotor and the breath-by-breath ventilatory and gas exchange (CO(2) output (V̇(CO(2))) and O(2) uptake (V̇(CO(2)))) responses were studied in five sheep spontaneously walking on a treadmill. The speed of the treadmill was changed in a sinusoidal pattern of various periods (from 10 to 1 minute) and in a step-like manner. The frequency and amplitude of the limb movements, oscillating at the same period as the treadmill speed changes, had a constant gain with no phase lag (determined by Fourier analysis) regardless the periods of oscillations. In marked contrast, when the periods of speed oscillations decreased, the amplitude (peak-to-mean) of minute ventilation (V̇(E)) oscillations decreased sharply and significantly (from 6.1 ± 0.4 l min(−1) to 1.9 ± 0.2 l min(−1)) and the phase lag between ventilation and treadmill speed oscillations increased (to 105 ± 25 ° during the 1 min oscillation periods). V̇(E) response followed V̇(CO(2)) very closely. The drop in V̇(E) amplitude ratio was proportional to that in V̇(CO(2)) (from 149 ± 48 ml min(−1) to 38 ± 5 ml min(−1)) with a slightly longer phase lag for ventilation than for V̇(CO(2)). These results show that beyond the onset period of a locomotor activity, the amplitude and phase lag of the V̇(E) response depends on the period of the walking speed oscillations, tracking the gas exchange rate, regardless of the amplitude of the motor act of walking. Locomotion thus appears unlikely to cause a simple parallel and proportional increase in ventilation in walking sheep