Linking nitrogen cycling transformations to microbial diversity in freshwater ecosystems

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Elucidating three-way interactions between soil, pasture and animals that regulate nitrous oxide emissions from temperate grazing systems

Pasture-based livestock farming contributes considerably to global emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a powerful greenhouse gas approximately 265 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Traditionally, the estimation of N2O emissions from grasslands is carried out by means of plot-scale experiments, where externally sourced animal excreta are applied to soils to simulate grazing conditions. This approach, however, fails to account for the impact of different sward types on the composition of excreta and thus the functionality of soil microbiomes, creating unrealistic situations that are seldom observed under commercial agriculture. Using three farming systems employing contrasting pasture management strategies at the North Wyke Farm Platform, an instrumented ruminant grazing trial in Devon, UK, this study measured N2O emissions from soils treated with cattle urine and dung collected within each system as well as standard synthetic urine shared across all systems, and compared them against two forms of controls with and without inorganic nitrogen fertiliser applications. Soil microbial activity was regularly monitored through gene abundance to evaluate interactions between sward types, soil amendments, soil microbiomes and, ultimately, N2O production. Across all systems, N2O emissions attributable to cattle urine and standard synthetic urine were found to be inconsistent with one another due to discrepancy in nitrogen content. Despite previous findings that grasses with elevated levels of water-soluble carbohydrates tend to generate lower levels of N2O, the soil under high sugar grass monoculture in this study recorded higher emissions when receiving excreta from cattle fed the same grass. Combined together, our results demonstrate the importance of evaluating environmental impacts of agriculture at a system scale, so that the feedback mechanisms linking soil, pasture, animals and microbiomes are appropriately considered

The transverse momentum dependence of charged kaon Bose-Einstein correlations in the SELEX experiment

CNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOWe report the measurement of the one-dimensional charged kaon correlation functions using 600GeV/c σ-, π- and 540GeV/c p beams from the SELEX (E781) experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron. K±K± correlation functions are studied for three transverse pair momentum, kT, ranges and parameterized by a Gaussian form. The emission source radii, R, and the correlation strength, λ, are extracted. The analysis shows a decrease of the source radii with increasing kaon transverse pair momentum for all beam types. © 2015 The Authors.We report the measurement of the one-dimensional charged kaon correlation functions using 600GeV/c σ-, π- and 540GeV/c p beams from the SELEX (E781) experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron. K±K± correlation functions are studied for three transverse pair momentum, kT, ranges and parameterized by a Gaussian form. The emission source radii, R, and the correlation strength, λ, are extracted. The analysis shows a decrease of the source radii with increasing kaon transverse pair momentum for all beam types.753458464CNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOSem informaçãoSem informaçãoRuss, J.S., Akchurin, N., Andreev, V.A., First charm hadroproduction results from SELEX (1998) ICHEP'98 Proc. Int. Conf. on High Energy Physics II, p. 1259. , arxiv:hep-ex/9812031Goldhaber, G., Fowler, W.B., Goldhaber, S., Hoang, T.F., Kalogeropoulos, T.E., Powell, W.M., Pion-pion correlations in antiproton annihilation events (1959) Phys. Rev. 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D, 87. , arxiv:1212.5958v2Khachatryan, V., Measurement of Bose-Einstein correlations in pp collisions at s = 0.9 and 7 TeV (2011) J. High Energy Phys., 5. , arxiv:1101.3518Akkelin, S.V., Sinyukov, Y.M., Deciphering nonfemtoscopic two-pion correlations in p+p collisions with simple analytical models (2012) Phys. Rev. D, 85. , arxiv:1106.5120Lednický, R., Progulova, T.B., Influence of resonances on Bose-Einstein correlations of identical pions (1992) Z. Phys. C, 55, pp. 295-305Lisa, M., Pratt, S., Soltz, R., Wiedemann, U., Femtoscopy in relativistic heavy ion collisions: two decades of progress (2005) Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 55, pp. 357-402. , arxiv:nucl-ex/0505014Pratt, S., Pion interferometry for exploding sources (1984) Phys. Rev. Lett., 53, pp. 1219-1221Abbiendi, G., Bose-Einstein study of position-momentum correlations of charged pions in hadronic Z0 decays (2007) Eur. Phys. J. C, 52, pp. 787-803. , arxiv:0708.1122Achard, P., Test of the τ-model of Bose-Einstein correlations and reconstruction of the source function in hadronic Z-boson decay at LEP (2011) Eur. Phys. J. C, 71, p. 1648. , arxiv:1105.4788Aamodt, K., Femtoscopy of pp collisions at s = 0.9 and 7 TeV at the LHC with two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations (2011) Phys. Rev. D, 84. , arxiv:1101.3665Wiedemann, U.A., Heinz, U.W., Resonance contributions to Hanbury-Brown-Twiss correlation radii (1997) Phys. Rev. C, 56, pp. 3265-3286. , arxiv:nucl-th/9611031Werner, K., Karpenko, I., Pierog, T., Bleicher, M., Mikhailov, K., Evidence for hydrodynamic evolution in proton-proton scattering at 900 GeV (2011) Phys. Rev. C, 83. , arxiv:1010.0400Humanic, T.J., Predictions for two-pion correlations for s=14TeV proton-proton collisions (2007) Phys. Rev. C, 76. , arxiv:nucl-th/0612098Alexopoulos, T., Study of source size in pp- collisions at s=1.8TeV using pion interferometry (1993) Phys. Rev. D, 48, pp. 1931-1942Csorgo, T., Kittel, W., Metzger, W.J., Novák, T., Parametrization of Bose-Einstein correlations and reconstruction of the space-time evolution of pion production in e+e- annihilation (2008) Phys. Lett. B, 663, pp. 214-216. , arxiv:0803.3528Bialas, A., Kucharczyk, M., Palka, H., Zalewski, K., Mass dependence of HBT correlations in e+e- annihilation (2000) Phys. Rev. D, 62. , arxiv:hep-ph/0006290Alexander, G., Open questions related to Bose-Einstein correlations in e+e- → hadrons (2004) Acta Phys. Pol. B, 35, pp. 69-76. , arxiv:hep-ph/0311114Alexander, G., Mass and transverse mass effects on the hadron emitter size (2001) Phys. Lett. B, 506, pp. 45-51. , arxiv:hep-ph/0101319The authors are indebted to the staff of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and for invaluable technical support from the staffs of collaborating institutions. This project was supported in part by Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Fondo de Apoyo a la Investigación (UASLP), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), the Israel Science Foundation founded by the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the International Science Foundation (ISF), the National Science Foundation, NATO, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Ministry of Science and Technology, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (research project No. 11-02-01302-a), the Secretaría de Educación Pública (Mexico), the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Board (TÜBİTAK), and the U.S. Department of Energy. We thank ITEP and National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) for providing computing powers and support for data analysis and simulations. The authors also would like to thank Prof. Michael Lisa and Prof. Richard Lednický for helpful comments and fruitful discussions

Documenting the Recovery of Vascular Services in European Centres Following the Initial COVID-19 Pandemic Peak: Results from a Multicentre Collaborative Study

Objective: To document the recovery of vascular services in Europe following the first COVID-19 pandemic peak. Methods: An online structured vascular service survey with repeated data entry between 23 March and 9 August 2020 was carried out. Unit level data were collected using repeated questionnaires addressing modifications to vascular services during the first peak (March – May 2020, “period 1”), and then again between May and June (“period 2”) and June and July 2020 (“period 3”). The duration of each period was similar. From 2 June, as reductions in cases began to be reported, centres were first asked if they were in a region still affected by rising cases, or if they had passed the peak of the first wave. These centres were asked additional questions about adaptations made to their standard pathways to permit elective surgery to resume. Results: The impact of the pandemic continued to be felt well after countries’ first peak was thought to have passed in 2020. Aneurysm screening had not returned to normal in 21.7% of centres. Carotid surgery was still offered on a case by case basis in 33.8% of centres, and only 52.9% of centres had returned to their normal aneurysm threshold for surgery. Half of centres (49.4%) believed their management of lower limb ischaemia continued to be negatively affected by the pandemic. Reduced operating theatre capacity continued in 45.5% of centres. Twenty per cent of responding centres documented a backlog of at least 20 aortic repairs. At least one negative swab and 14 days of isolation were the most common strategies used for permitting safe elective surgery to recommence. Conclusion: Centres reported a broad return of services approaching pre-pandemic “normal” by July 2020. Many introduced protocols to manage peri-operative COVID-19 risk. Backlogs in cases were reported for all major vascular surgeries

Laparoscopy in management of appendicitis in high-, middle-, and low-income countries: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency worldwide. Differences between high- and low-income settings in the availability of laparoscopic appendectomy, alternative management choices, and outcomes are poorly described. The aim was to identify variation in surgical management and outcomes of appendicitis within low-, middle-, and high-Human Development Index (HDI) countries worldwide. METHODS: This is a multicenter, international prospective cohort study. Consecutive sampling of patients undergoing emergency appendectomy over 6 months was conducted. Follow-up lasted 30 days. RESULTS: 4546 patients from 52 countries underwent appendectomy (2499 high-, 1540 middle-, and 507 low-HDI groups). Surgical site infection (SSI) rates were higher in low-HDI (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.33-4.99, p = 0.005) but not middle-HDI countries (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.76-2.52, p = 0.291), compared with high-HDI countries after adjustment. A laparoscopic approach was common in high-HDI countries (1693/2499, 67.7%), but infrequent in low-HDI (41/507, 8.1%) and middle-HDI (132/1540, 8.6%) groups. After accounting for case-mix, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42-0.71, p < 0.001) and SSIs (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.14-0.33, p < 0.001). In propensity-score matched groups within low-/middle-HDI countries, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.23 95% CI 0.11-0.44) and SSI (OR 0.21 95% CI 0.09-0.45). CONCLUSION: A laparoscopic approach is associated with better outcomes and availability appears to differ by country HDI. Despite the profound clinical, operational, and financial barriers to its widespread introduction, laparoscopy could significantly improve outcomes for patients in low-resource environments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02179112

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe