Importancia de la farmacovigilancia en los establecimientos farmacéuticos Sikuany S.A.S y Cruz Verde del departamento del Meta

Gráficos, formato encuestas, formato folletos, imágenesEl objetivo del presente estudio es analizar la farmacovigilancia especialmente en el proceso de dispensación en los establecimientos farmacéuticos Sikuany S.A.S y Cruz Verde del departamento del Meta, considerando la gran importancia que tiene en el sector de la salud; por lo cual se considera que es de gran utilidad la implementación de la farmacovigilancia y prevenir las RAM y PRUM. La investigación que se ha desarrollado es cuantitativa, con un diseño observacional, realizado con una muestra de 288 pacientes y 14 empleados. Como técnica principal se utilizó la encuesta y como instrumento un cuestionario en Google, el cual explica las experiencias vividas por los usuarios durante la dispensación de los medicamentos en los establecimientos y el uso que les dan a los medicamentos. También, cómo actúan ante las reacciones adversas que puedan presentar por el uso de los mismos. Por otro lado, se indaga sobre el nivel de conocimiento que tienen los empleados de los establecimientos farmacéuticos acerca de la farmacovigilancia, cuál es el proceso que realizan para reportar las sospechas de eventos adversos a medicamentos y la importancia que le dan al tema. Para medir el grado de asociación de las variables, la encuesta de Google nos arrojó las gráficas con los porcentajes de las respuestas seleccionadas. Se obtuvo como resultado que los pacientes han presentado reacciones adversas (RAM) y problemas relacionados con la utilización de los medicamentos (PRUM), que fueron pocos. Es decir, que se logró identificar la problemática y las posibles causas de los errores de dispensación presentados, para proponer algunas soluciones y evitar cualquier otro tipo de problema de salud relacionado con medicamentos.The objective of this study is to analyze pharmacovigilance, especially in the dispensing process in the pharmaceutical establishments Sikuany S.A.S and Cruz Verde in the department of Meta, considering its great importance in the health sector; for this reason, it is considered that the implementation of pharmacovigilance and the prevention of ADRs and PRUMs are very useful. The research that has been developed is quantitative, with an observational design, carried out with a sample of 288 patients and 14 employees. As the main technique, the survey was taken and as an instrument, a questionnaire in Google, which explains the experiences lived by the users during the dispensation of the medicines in the establishments and the use they give to the medicines. Also, how they act in the face of adverse reactions that may arise from their use. On the other hand, it inquires about the level of knowledge that employees of pharmaceutical establishments have about pharmacovigilance, what is the process they carry out to report suspected adverse drug events and the importance they give to the subject. To measure the degree of association of the variables, the Google survey gave us graphs with the percentages of the selected responses. It was obtained as a result that the patients have presented adverse reactions (RAM) and problems related to the use of medications (PRUM), which were few. In other words, the problem and the possible causes of the dispensing errors presented will be identified, in order to propose some solutions and avoid any other type of health problem related to medicines

Pathogenic Huntingtin Repeat Expansions in Patients with Frontotemporal Dementia and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

We examined the role of repeat expansions in the pathogenesis of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by analyzing whole-genome sequence data from 2,442 FTD/ALS patients, 2,599 Lewy body dementia (LBD) patients, and 3,158 neurologically healthy subjects. Pathogenic expansions (range, 40-64 CAG repeats) in the huntingtin (HTT) gene were found in three (0.12%) patients diagnosed with pure FTD/ALS syndromes but were not present in the LBD or healthy cohorts. We replicated our findings in an independent collection of 3,674 FTD/ALS patients. Postmortem evaluations of two patients revealed the classical TDP-43 pathology of FTD/ALS, as well as huntingtin-positive, ubiquitin-positive aggregates in the frontal cortex. The neostriatal atrophy that pathologically defines Huntington's disease was absent in both cases. Our findings reveal an etiological relationship between HTT repeat expansions and FTD/ALS syndromes and indicate that genetic screening of FTD/ALS patients for HTT repeat expansions should be considered

Genome-wide Analyses Identify KIF5A as a Novel ALS Gene

To identify novel genes associated with ALS, we undertook two lines of investigation. We carried out a genome-wide association study comparing 20,806 ALS cases and 59,804 controls. Independently, we performed a rare variant burden analysis comparing 1,138 index familial ALS cases and 19,494 controls. Through both approaches, we identified kinesin family member 5A (KIF5A) as a novel gene associated with ALS. Interestingly, mutations predominantly in the N-terminal motor domain of KIF5A are causative for two neurodegenerative diseases: hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG10) and Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 (CMT2). In contrast, ALS-associated mutations are primarily located at the C-terminal cargo-binding tail domain and patients harboring loss-of-function mutations displayed an extended survival relative to typical ALS cases. Taken together, these results broaden the phenotype spectrum resulting from mutations in KIF5A and strengthen the role of cytoskeletal defects in the pathogenesis of ALS.Peer reviewe

Índice de fluorosis en los niños de la población rural del oriente antioqueño (Mazotes, Barro Blanco, Los Salados)

En los últimos años la aparición de la fluorosis dental ha aumentado significativamente al igual que su severidad alcanzando cifras epidemiológicas, siendo un problema no solo de un país o ciudad, sino de un gran sin número de población. Esta patología se puede clasificar en 3 tipos (leve, moderada y severa) según la cantidad ingerida y el tiempo que la persona ha estado expuesta al uso del fluor, siendo una condición irreversible. Por la gran ignorancia que se le ha dado a este tema nos vimos motivadas a realizar esta tesis teniendo en cuenta el poco conocimiento que tienen las poblaciones afectadas, ya que no solo es una patológica dental sino también de todo el organismo humano. Nos pusimos como objetivo profundizar en el conocimiento teórico y características clínicas que pueden manifestarse no solo de forma local (fluorosis dental), sino también de forma general

Effect of HLA-B and HLA-DR genes on susceptibility to and severity of spondyloarthropathies in Mexican patients

Objective: To investigate the role of HLA-B and HLA-DR genes as contributors to genetic susceptibility and clinical expression of the spondyloarthropathies (SpA) in the Mexican population. Methods: The study included 172 patients with SpA (undifferentiated SpA 83, ankylosing spondylitis (AS) 64, and reactive arthritis 25) and 99 healthy controls. The HLA-B and HLA-DR alleles were detected by the polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers technique. Patient assessment included demographic data, diagnostic categories, and disease patterns. Statistical methods included the Mantel-Haenzel χ(2) test, Fisher's exact test, and Woolf method for odds ratio (OR). Differences of continuous variables between HLA allele groups were calculated by Student's t test. Results: Increased frequencies of HLA-B27 (pCh10(-3), OR=28.7), HLA-DR1 (pC=0.045, OR=2.77), and HLA-B15 (p=0.034, pC=NS, OR=2.04) alleles in the whole group were found. HLA-B27 strength of association (OR) was 41.4 in AS; 20.9 in undifferentiated SpA; 27.2 in reactive arthritis. HLA-DR1 and HLA-B15 were increased in undifferentiated SpA (pC=0.045, OR=2.98 and p=0.004, pC=NS, OR=2.75). By analysing 58 HLA-B27 negative patients it was found that HLA-B15 and HLA-DR1 associations with SpA were independent of HLA-B27; increased frequencies of HLA-B15 were found in the whole SpA group and in patients with undifferentiated SpA (pC=0.03, OR=3.09 and pCh0.01, OR=3.77) and of HLA-DR1 in the latter (p=0.04, pC=NS, OR=3.15). HLA-B27 positive patients were younger than HLA-B27 negative patients at onset (p=0.03), but HLA-DR1 positive patients were older than HLA-DR1 negative patients (p=0.03). Bath indices for disease activity and functioning were higher in HLA-B27 positive patients (p=0.006 and p=0.004 v HLA-B27 negative patients). In contrast, neither HLA-DR1 nor HLA-B15 influenced these indices. Conclusion: Apart from HLA-B27, there is a significant association of HLA-DR1 and HLA-B15 with SpA in Mexicans which is independent of B27. HLA-B27 is associated with younger age at onset and increased disease severity and HLA-DR1 with older age at onset. The strength of HLA-B15, HLA-B27, and HLA-DR1 associations varied in different forms of SpA

Heat shock protein 70 gene polymorphisms in Mexican patients with spondyloarthropathies

Objective: To investigate the role of HSP70 genes as contributors to genetic susceptibility of the spondyloarthropathies (SpA) in the Mexican population. Methods: The study included 150 patients with SpA (undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy (uSpA) 68, ankylosing spondylitis (AS) 60, and reactive arthritis 22) and 158 healthy controls. HSP70-1, HSP70-2 and HSP70-hom genotypes were analysed by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Statistical methods included the Mantel-Haenzel, χ(2), Fisher's exact test, and Woolf's method for odds ratio (OR). Results: HSP70-2 B/B genotype frequency was increased in the whole group of patients with SpA (pC<0.05, OR=4.3), as well as in the different clinical subgroups (pC<0.05, OR=4.2 for AS; pC<0.05, OR=4.4 for uSpA; and pC<0.05, OR=4.1 for ReA). This frequency remained significantly increased when the patients with B27 negative SpA were analysed. On the other hand, HSP70-hom locus analysis showed significantly increased frequency of A allele in the whole group of SpA (pC<0.05, OR=3.4), as well as in the groups with AS (pC<0.05, OR=5.6) and with uSpA (pC<0.05, OR=3.1), when compared with healthy controls. In this case, also, the genotype A/A was increased in the whole group of SpA (pC<0.05, OR=4.5), as well as in patients with AS (pC<0.05, OR=6.4) and with uSpA (pC<0.05, OR=3.7). When the patients with B27 negative SpA were analysed the frequencies of HSP70-hom A allele and A/A genotype remained significantly increased in the whole group of SpA (pC<0.05, OR=3.2 for the A allele and pC<0.05, OR=4.2 for the A/A genotype) and in the uSpA subgroup (pC<0.05, OR=3.8 for the A allele and pC<0.05, OR=4.3 for the A/A genotype). Conclusion: In addition to the association of SpA with HLA-B27, there is a significant association of HSP70-2 and HSP70-hom alleles with SpA in Mexicans. This association seems to be independent of the susceptibility conferred by HLA-B27 in the group of patients with uSpA

Biocompatible and antimicrobial electrospun membranes based on nanocomposites of chitosan/poly (Vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide

Tissue engineering is gaining attention rapidly to replace and repair defective tissues in the human body after illnesses and accidents in different organs. Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds have emerged as a potential alternative for cell regeneration and organ replacement. In this paper, porous membranes, based on nanofibrous chitosan (CS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and graphene oxide (GO), were obtained via electrospinning methodology. Three different formulations were obtained varying GO content, being characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). In vitro tests were carried out, consisting of hydrolytic degradation inside simulated biological fluid (SBF), and in vivo tests were carried out, where the material was implanted in Wistar rats' subcutaneous tissue to determine its biocompatibility. The antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, and against Gram-negative Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli, by contact of the electrospun nanofiber scaffolds above inoculum bacterial in Mueller Hinton agar with good inhibition only for scaffolds with the higher GO content (1.0%). The results confirmed good biocompatibility of the nanofibrous scaffolds after in vivo tests in Wistar rats, which evidences its high potential in applications of tissue regeneration