Zwischen Klassenkampf und Individuation: Der Vorschlag einer radikaldemokratischen Identitätspolitik

Identitätspolitik wird dafür kritisiert, linke Bewegungen zu spalten und lediglich Reformismus zu betreiben. Dem daraus abgeleiteten Ruf nach Linkspopulismus, der die "soziale Frage" wieder artikulieren soll, wird von identitätspolitischer Seite wiederum ein zu vereinheitlichender Bezug auf Klasse und Nation vorgeworfen. In diesem Essay argumentiere ich einerseits, dass beide Positionen in ihren Extremen das Politische verneinen und dass zwischen ihnen andererseits eine ambivalente Spannung herrscht: Die Konstruktion von Identität ist notwendig für die Artikulation von Interessen, wirkt tendenziell aber essentialistisch, weshalb sie immer wieder auf Ausschlüsse untersucht und dementsprechend kritisiert werden muss. Ich schlage vor, diese Spannung als konstitutives Prinzip einer radikaldemokratischen Identitätspolitik anzuerkennen: Identitätskonstruktionen müssen konstant kritisiert werden, gleichzeitig bilden sie jedoch die Chance, eine gegenhegemoniale Alternative zur neoliberalen Hegemonie zu etablieren.Identity politics is criticised for splitting left movements and for being mere reformism. The resulting call for left populism to re-articulate the "social question", is in turn accused by identity politics of an over-unifying reference to class and nation. In this essay, I argue on the one hand that both positions in their extremes negate the Political, but on the other hand that there is anambivalent tension between them: the construction of identity is necessary for the articulation of interests, but tends to have an essentialist effect, which is why it must always be scrutinised for exclusions and criticised accordingly. I propose to recognise this tension as a constitutive principle of a radical democratic identity politics: Identity constructions have to be constantly criticized, but at the same time they form the chance to establish a counter-hegemonic alternative to neoliberal hegemony

Intrinsic dissolution simulation of highly and poorly soluble drugs for BCS solubility classification

Intrinsic dissolution testing allows characterizing drug substances through its dissolution rate when exposed to a specified surface area in a specific dissolution media, This can be used to determine if a drug substance is highly or poorly soluble. In this work. DDDPlus version 4.0 (Simulations Plus, Inc.) was used to simulate intrinsic dissolution experiments for pyrimethamine and metronidazole. These drugs have low and high solubility properties. Predicted intrinsic dissolution rates (IDR) were compared to observed in vitro IDR. Physicochemical parameters from literature and the experimental conditions of the intrinsic dissolution tests for each drug were used as input data into the software. The program was able to predict the IDR of pyrimethamine and metronidazole within a pH range of 1.0 to 7.2. Observed and predicted IDR values for both drugs showed high correlations (R-2 > 0.9424), The IDR values from simulations showed the pH-dependent solubility of pyrimethamine and metronidazole, allowing us to classify the solubility according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). Intrinsic dissolution test simulations using DDDPlus can be used to obtain a BCS solubility classification of a drug substance, helping to reduce the number of laboratory experiments.National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq/Brazil)Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Pharm, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Inst Environm Chem & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Exact & Earth Sci, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Alberta, Ctr Pharm & Hlth Res, Fac Pharm & Pharmaceut Sci, Edmonton, AB, CanadaUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Inst Environm Chem & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Exact & Earth Sci, Sao Paulo, BrazilCNPq: 400455/2014-5Web of Scienc

Controlled Crystallization of the Lipophilic Drug Fenofibrate During Freeze-Drying: Elucidation of the Mechanism by In-Line Raman Spectroscopy

We developed a novel process, “controlled crystallization during freeze-drying” to produce drug nanocrystals of poorly water-soluble drugs. This process involves freeze-drying at a relatively high temperature of a drug and a matrix material from a mixture of tertiary butyl alcohol and water, resulting in drug nanocrystals incorporated in a matrix. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms that determine the size of the drug crystals. Fenofibrate was used as a model lipophilic drug. To monitor the crystallization during freeze-drying, a Raman probe was placed just above the sample in the freeze-dryer. These in-line Raman spectroscopy measurements clearly revealed when the different components crystallized during freeze-drying. The solvents crystallized only during the freezing step, while the solutes only crystallized after the temperature was increased, but before drying started. Although the solutes crystallized only after the freezing step, both the freezing rate and the shelf temperature were critical parameters that determined the final crystal size. At a higher freezing rate, smaller interstitial spaces containing the freeze-concentrated fraction were formed, resulting in smaller drug crystals (based on dissolution data). On the other hand, when the solutes crystallized at a lower shelf temperature, the degree of supersaturation is higher, resulting in a higher nucleation rate and consequently more and therefore smaller crystals. In conclusion, for the model drug fenofibrate, a high freezing rate and a relatively low crystallization temperature resulted in the smallest crystals and therefore the highest dissolution rate

A Mechanistic Approach to Understanding the Factors Affecting Drug Absorption: A Review of Fundamentals

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/97203/1/00970002042006005.pd

Nanotechnology and the Treatment of HIV Infection

Suboptimal adherence, toxicity, drug resistance and viral reservoirs make the lifelong treatment of HIV infection challenging. The emerging field of nanotechnology may play an important role in addressing these challenges by creating drugs that possess pharmacological advantages arising out of unique phenomena that occur at the “nano” scale. At these dimensions, particles have physicochemical properties that are distinct from those of bulk materials or single molecules or atoms. In this review, basic concepts and terms in nanotechnology are defined, and examples are provided of how nanopharmaceuticals such as nanocrystals, nanocapsules, nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanocarriers, micelles, liposomes and dendrimers have been investigated as potential anti-HIV therapies. Such drugs may, for example, be used to optimize the pharmacological characteristics of known antiretrovirals, deliver anti-HIV nucleic acids into infected cells or achieve targeted delivery of antivirals to the immune system, brain or latent reservoirs. Also, nanopharmaceuticals themselves may possess anti-HIV activity. However several hurdles remain, including toxicity, unwanted biological interactions and the difficulty and cost of large-scale synthesis of nanopharmaceuticals

Development and validation of dissolution method for carvedilol compression-coated tablets

The present study describes the development and validation of a dissolution method for carvedilol compression-coated tablets. Dissolution test was performed using a TDT-06T dissolution apparatus. Based on the physiological conditions of the body, 0.1N hydrochloric acid was used as dissolution medium and release was monitored for 2 hours to verify the immediate release pattern of the drug in acidic pH, followed by pH 6.8 in citric-phosphate buffer for 22 hours, to simulate a sustained release pattern in the intestine. Influences of rotation speed and surfactant concentration in medium were evaluated. Samples were analysed by validated UV visible spectrophotometric method at 286 nm. 1% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) was found to be optimum for improving carvedilol solubility in pH 6.8 citric-phosphate buffer. Analysis of variance showed no significant difference between the results obtained at 50 and 100 rpm. The discriminating dissolution method was successfully developed for carvedilol compression-coated tablets. The conditions that allowed dissolution determination were USP type I apparatus at 100 rpm, containing 1000 ml of 0.1N HCl for 2 hours, followed by pH 6.8 citric-phosphate buffer with 1% SLS for 22 hours at 37.0 ± 0.5 ºC. Samples were analysed by UV spectrophotometric method and validated as per ICH guidelines.O presente estudo descreve o desenvolvimento e a validação de método de dissolução para comprimidos revestidos de carvedilol. O teste de dissolução foi efetuado utilizando-se o aparelho para dissolução TDT-06T. Com base nas condições fisiológicas do organismo, utilizou-se ácido clorídrico 0,1 N como meio de dissolução e a liberação foi monitorada por 2 horas para se verificar o padrão de liberação imediata do fármaco em condições de pH baixo, seguidas por pH 6,8 em tampão cítrico-fosfato por 22 horas, para simular o padrão de liberação controlada no intestino. Avaliou-se a influência da velocidade de rotação e a concentração de tensoativo no meio. As amostras foram analisadas por método espectrofotométrico UV-visível validado, em 286 nm. O laurilsulfato sódico a 1% (SLS) mostrou-se ótimo para aumentar a solubilidade do carvedilol em pH 6,8 em tampão cítrico-fosfato. A análise da variância não mostrou diferença significativa entre os resultados obtidos a 50 e a 100 rpm. O método da dissolução discriminante foi desenvolvido com sucesso para os comprimidos revestidos de carvedilol. As condições que permitiram a determinação da dissolução foram: aparelho USP tipo I a 100 rpm, contendo 1000 mL de HCL 0,1 N por 2 horas, seguido de pH 6,8 com tampão cítrico-fosfato, com 1% de SLS por 22 horas a 37,0 ± 0,5 ºC. Amostras foram analisadas por método espectrofotométrico e validadas pelas normas ICH

Le complexe sidérurgique de Port Talbot

Dumont R., Lobenberg M., Chaline Claude. Le complexe sidérurgique de Port Talbot. In: L'information géographique, volume 25, n°5, 1961. pp. 220-222