Natal dispersal and diving behaviour ontogeny in juvenile Emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri from Adélie Land

第3回極域科学シンポジウム/第34回極域生物シンポジウム 11月26日（月） 統計数理研究所 ３階セミナー

Can foraging ecology drive the evolution of body size in a diving endotherm?

Within a single animal species, different morphs can allow for differential exploitation of foraging niches between populations, while sexual size dimorphism can provide each sex with access to different resources. Despite being potentially important agents of evolution, resource polymorphisms, and the way they operate in wild populations, remain poorly understood. In this study, we examine how trophic factors can select for different body sizes between populations and sexes in a diving endotherm. Dive depth and duration are positively related to body size in diving birds and mammals, a relationship explained by a lower mass-specific metabolic rate and greater oxygen stores in larger individuals. Based on this allometry, we predict that selection for exploiting resources situated at different depths can drive the evolution of body size in species of diving endotherms at the population and sexual level. To test this prediction, we studied the foraging ecology of Blue-eyed Shags, a group of cormorants with male-biased sexual size dimorphism from across the Southern Ocean. We found that mean body mass and relative difference in body mass between sexes varied by up to 77% and 107% between neighbouring colonies, respectively. Birds from colonies with larger individuals dived deeper than birds from colonies with smaller individuals, when accounting for sex. In parallel, males dived further offshore and deeper than females and the sexual difference in dive depth reflected the level of sexual size dimorphism at each colony. We argue that body size in this group of birds is under intense selection for diving to depths of profitable benthic prey patches and that, locally, sexual niche divergence selection can exaggerate the sexual size dimorphism of Blue-eyed Shags initially set up by sexual selection. Our findings suggest that trophic resources can select for important geographic micro-variability in body size between populations and sexes

Three-dimensional use of marine habitats by juvenile emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri

International audienceThe juvenile phase is poorly known in Antarctic seabirds, despite being a critical period for individual survival. To better understand the ecology of young Antarctic seabirds, we surveyed for the first time the three-dimensional habitat use of six juvenile emperor penguins during their post-natal dispersal from Terre Ade'lie, using bio-telemetric tags. The tags transmitted location and activity data for nearly 100 days on average. One individual was followed during eight months and covered 7000 km, which represents the longest continuous individual survey for the species. Studied individuals first dispersed away from Antarctica, up to 54.78S and 1250 km north of the pack-ice edge, in the Polar Frontal Zone. This highlighted a much looser association with sea ice and a greater at-sea range compared to previous knowledge on breeding adults. Juvenile penguins then moved southwards close to the extending pack-ice during autumn and winter. Over the survey duration, juveniles showed a contrasting use of marine habitats, with less mobility, less time underwater, and shallower dives (generally not over 50-100 m) in the pack ice, versus greater distances travelled, more time spent underwater, especially deeper than 100m (up to 250-300 m) in open water. We discuss hypotheses which could explain the northward exodus of juvenile emperor penguins across contrasting habitats

Movement Patterns for a Critically Endangered Species, the Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), Linked to Foraging Success and Population Status

Foraging success for pelagic vertebrates may be revealed by horizontal and vertical movement patterns. We show markedly different patterns for leatherback turtles in the North Atlantic versus Eastern Pacific, which feed on gelatinous zooplankton that are only occasionally found in high densities. In the Atlantic, travel speed was characterized by two modes, indicative of high foraging success at low speeds (<15 km d−1) and transit at high speeds (20–45 km d−1). Only a single mode was evident in the Pacific, which occurred at speeds of 21 km d−1 indicative of transit. The mean dive depth was more variable in relation to latitude but closer to the mean annual depth of the thermocline and nutricline for North Atlantic than Eastern Pacific turtles. The most parsimonious explanation for these findings is that Eastern Pacific turtles rarely achieve high foraging success. This is the first support for foraging behaviour differences between populations of this critically endangered species and suggests that longer periods searching for prey may be hindering population recovery in the Pacific while aiding population maintenance in the Atlantic

Reproductive performance and diving behaviour share a common sea-ice concentration optimum in Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae)

This study was financially supported by the following institutions: the WWF-UK through R. Downie, the Japanese Mombukagakusho and the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, the Zone Atelier Antarctique et Subantarctique –LTER France of the CNRS.The Southern Ocean is currently experiencing major environmental changes, including in sea‐ice cover. Such changes strongly influence ecosystem structure and functioning and affect the survival and reproduction of predators such as seabirds. These effects are likely mediated by reduced availability of food resources. As such, seabirds are reliable eco‐indicators of environmental conditions in the Antarctic region. Here, based on 9 years of sea‐ice data, we found that the breeding success of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) reaches a peak at intermediate sea‐ice cover (ca. 20%). We further examined the effects of sea‐ice conditions on the foraging activity of penguins, measured at multiple scales from individual dives to foraging trips. Analysis of temporal organisation of dives, including fractal and bout analyses, revealed an increasingly consistent behaviour during years with extensive sea‐ice cover. The relationship between several dive parameters and sea‐ice cover in the foraging area appears to be quadratic. In years of low and high sea‐ice cover, individuals adjusted their diving effort by generally diving deeper, more frequently and by resting at the surface between dives for shorter periods of time than in years with intermediate sea‐ice cover. Our study therefore suggests that sea‐ice cover is likely to affect the reproductive performance of Adélie penguins through its effects on foraging behaviour, as breeding success and most diving parameters share a common optimum. Some years, however, deviated from this general trend, suggesting that other factors (e.g. precipitation during the breeding season) might sometimes become preponderant over the sea‐ice effects on breeding and foraging performance. Our study highlights the value of monitoring fitness parameters and individual behaviour concomitantly over the long‐term to better characterize optimal environmental conditions and potential resilience of wildlife. Such an approach is crucial if we want to anticipate the effects of environmental change on Antarctic penguin populations.PostprintPeer reviewe

La nueva ley de instituciones bancarias, financieras y de seguros: algunos comentarios

This research was funded by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada discovery grants to LL and L-AG. NJB was financially supported by a Dr. Richard H. Tomlinson Fellowship and a Dr. Milton Leong Fellowship from McGill University. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Background: Successful foraging is essential for survival and reproductive success. In many bird species, foraging is a learned behaviour. To cope with environmental change and survive periods in which regular foods are scarce, the ability to solve novel foraging problems by learning new foraging techniques can be crucial. Although females have been shown to prefer more efficient foragers, the effect of males' foraging techniques on female mate choice has never been studied. We tested whether females would prefer males showing the same learned foraging technique as they had been exposed to as juveniles, or whether females would prefer males that showed a complementary foraging technique. Methodology/Principal Findings: We first trained juvenile male and female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) to obtain a significant proportion of their food by one of two foraging techniques. We then tested whether females showed a preference for males with the same or the alternative technique. We found that neither a male's foraging technique nor his foraging performance affected the time females spent in his proximity in the mate-choice apparatus. We then released flocks of these finches into an aviary to investigate whether assortative pairing would be facilitated by birds taught the same technique exploiting the same habitat. Zebra finches trained as juveniles in a specific foraging technique maintained their foraging specialisation in the aviary as adults. However, pair formation and nest location were random with regard to foraging technique. Conclusions/Significance: Our findings show that zebra finches can be successfully trained to be foraging specialists. However, the robust negative results of the conditions tested here suggest that learned foraging specializations do not affect mate choice or pair formation in our experimental context.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Stratégies d’exploitation des ressources marines par des prédateurs plongeurs : approche comparée et implications évolutives

Nous avons étudié les variations du comportement de recherche alimentaire, de la morphologie et des caractéristiques reproductrices des populations d’oiseaux marins côtiers en réponse à la variation spatiale des ressources alimentaires à l’échelle microgéographique (archipel de Kerguelen). En prenant pour modèles le manchot papou (Pygoscelis papua) et le cormoran de Kerguelen (Phalacrocorax verrucosus), nous avons montré que la distribution, l’abondance et la nature des proies au sein d’un micro-habitat pouvait mener à l’émergence de stratégies de recherche alimentaire spécifiques. La variation de ces stratégies est étroitement liée à de très importantes variations de la taille et de la masse corporelle. Les facteurs trophiques semblent générer des pressions de sélection suffisamment fortes pour entraîner la différentiation morphologique des populations à une très petite échelle spatiale (20 à 55 km). An individual’s foraging strategy is a key trait of his life-history. We studied the variations of foraging behaviour, morphology and reproductive traits in coastal seabird populations facing the spatial variation of their food resources at a microgeographical scale. Using the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) and the Kerguelen shag (Phalacrocorax verrucosus) as study models, we showed that the prey distribution, abundance and type could lead to the emergence of specific foraging strategies. In both species, the variation of foraging strategies is closely linked to large body size and body mass variations. Our results suggest that trophic factors may lead to selection pressures strong enough to drive the morphological differentiation of populations at a very small spatial scale (20 to 55 km)

Foraging strategies of marine diving top-predators : comparative approach and evolutionary implications

Nous avons étudié les variations du comportement de recherche alimentaire, de la morphologie et des caractéristiques reproductrices des populations d'oiseaux marins côtiers en réponse à la variation spatiale des ressources alimentaires à l'échelle microgéographique (archipel de Kerguelen). En prenant pour modèles le manchot papou (Pygoscelis papua) et le cormoran de Kerguelen (Phalacrocorax verrucosus), nous avons montré que la distribution, l'abondance et la nature des proies au sein d'un micro-habitat pouvait mener à l'émergence de stratégies de recherche alimentaire spécifiques. La variation de ces stratégies est étroitement liée à de très importantes variations de la taille et de la masse corporelle. Les facteurs trophiques semblent générer des pressions de sélection suffisamment fortes pour entraîner la différentiation morphologique des populations à une très petite échelle spatiale (20 à 55 km).An individual s foraging strategy is a key trait of his life-history. We studied the variations of foraging behaviour, morphology and reproductive traits in coastal seabird populations facing the spatial variation of their food resources at a microgeographical scale. Using the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) and the Kerguelen shag (Phalacrocorax verrucosus) as study models, we showed that the prey distribution, abundance and type could lead to the emergence of specific foraging strategies. In both species, the variation of foraging strategies is closely linked to large body size and body mass variations. Our results suggest that trophic factors may lead to selection pressures strong enough to drive the morphological differentiation of populations at a very small spatial scale (20 to 55 km)

Foraging strategies of marine diving top-predators : comparative approach and evolutionary implications

Nous avons étudié les variations du comportement de recherche alimentaire, de la morphologie et des caractéristiques reproductrices des populations d'oiseaux marins côtiers en réponse à la variation spatiale des ressources alimentaires à l'échelle microgéAn individual s foraging strategy is a key trait of his life-history. We studied the variations of foraging behaviour, morphology and reproductive traits in coastal seabird populations facing the spatial variation of their food resources at a microgeogra

Stratégies d'exploitation des ressources marines par des prédateurs plongeurs (Approche comparée entre colonies et implications évolutives)

Nous avons étudié les variations du comportement de recherche alimentaire, de la morphologie et des caractéristiques reproductrices des populations d oiseaux marins côtiers en réponse à la variation spatiale des ressources alimentaires à l échelle microgéographique (archipel de Kerguelen). En prenant pour modèles le manchot papou (Pygoscelis papua) et le cormoran de Kerguelen (Phalacrocorax verrucosus), nous avons montré que la distribution, l abondance et la nature des proies au sein d un micro-habitat pouvait mener à l émergence de stratégies de recherche alimentaire spécifiques. La variation de ces stratégies est étroitement liée à de très importantes variations de la taille et de la masse corporelle. Les facteurs trophiques semblent générer des pressions de sélection suffisamment fortes pour entraîner la différentiation morphologique des populations à une très petite échelle spatiale (20 à 55 km).An individual s foraging strategy is a key trait of his life-history. We studied the variations of foraging behaviour, morphology and reproductive traits in coastal seabird populations facing the spatial variation of their food resources at a microgeographical scale. Using the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) and the Kerguelen shag (Phalacrocorax verrucosus) as study models, we showed that the prey distribution, abundance and type could lead to the emergence of specific foraging strategies. In both species, the variation of foraging strategies is closely linked to large body size and body mass variations. Our results suggest that trophic factors may lead to selection pressures strong enough to drive the morphological differentiation of populations at a very small spatial scale (20 to 55 km).STRASBOURG-Sc. et Techniques (674822102) / SudocSudocFranceF