Raskauden aikainen ravitsemus : Opaslehtinen odottaville äideille suomeksi ja venäjäksi

Tiivistelmä Ravitsemus on olennainen osa ihmisen terveyttä ja hyvinvointia. Raskauden aikana tämä korostuu entisestään, sillä sikiö kehittyy ravintoaineilla, joita äiti saa ravinnostaan. Sikiön kasvun ja hyvinvoinnin lisäksi myös äidin hyvinvointi ja terveyden ylläpitäminen vaativat erityistä huo-miota. Tämän vuoksi ravitsemustiedon saaminen ja hyvän ravitsemuksen toteutuminen raskausaikana on tärkeää ja merkittävää. Tämän toiminnallisen opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli antaa tietoa terveellisestä ravitsemuksesta odottaville äideille ja näin tukea tulevien lasten terveyttä. Opinnäytetyön tehtävänä oli laatia sekä suomen- että venäjänkielinen opaslehtinen neuvolaan vanhemmille jaettavaksi. Opinnäytetyössä käsitellään yleisten ravitsemussuositusten lisäksi joitakin raskauden aikaiseen ravitsemukseen liittyviä erityistilanteita, joita ovat vegaaniruokavalio, raskausdiabetes, keliakia sekä raskauspahoinvointi. Opaslehtinen ”Raskaus ja ravitsemus” käsittelee tiiviisti raskauden aikaisen ravitsemuksen perusteet ja ravitsemussuositukset raskauden aikana. Opaslehtiseen sisältyvät lisäksi erityistilanteista yleisimmät eli raskausdiabetes ja raskauspahoinvointi. Opaslehtisessä kerrotaan myös lyhyesti alkoholin haitoista sikiön terveyteen. Jatkotutkimusideat voisivat olla raskausdiabeteksen hoito, erilaisten kulttuurien ravitsemustottumukset raskauden aikana sekä liikuntasuositukset raskauden aikana.Abstract Nutrition is a relevant part of human health and well-being. During the pregnancy, this is emphasised even more, because the foetus uses the nutrients taken in by the mother for its development and growth. Besides the growth and well-being of the foetus, maintaining the well-being and health of the expectant mother require special attention. To achieve this, it is important and significant to receive nutritional information and follow a healthy diet during the pregnancy. The aim of the thesis was to give information on healthy nutrition for expectant mothers and thus support the health of future children. The aim was to compile an information leaflet in Finnish and Russian languages to be distributed at maternity clinics for parents. The thesis discusses the official nutrition recommendations and besides this, a few special cases related to nutrition during pregnancy are described. These are vegan diet, gestational diabetes, coeliac disease and nausea during pregnancy. The information leaflet entitled “Pregnancy and Nutrition” includes compact information on the basics of nutrition during pregnancy and nutrition recommendations during pregnancy. The information leaflet includes the most common special cases related to nutrition, which are gestational diabetes and nausea during pregnancy. Additionally, harmful effects of alcohol use on the health of the foetus are discussed briefly. Ideas for further development could be the treatment of gestational diabetes, various cultural nutrition habits during pregnancy and physical activity recommendations during pregnancy

YHDESSÄ : Toiminnallinen projekti vanhusten ja lasten välisen vuorovaikutuksen tukemiseen

Opinnäytetyöni tarkoituksena oli koota yhteen tahoja, jotka voisivat järjestää yhteistä toimintaa lasten ja vanhusten välille. Tavoitteena oli lisätä vuorovaikutusta lasten ja vanhusten välillä yhteisen toiminnan kautta. Opinnäytetyössä painottuvat varhaiskasvatus uusien, erilaisten kontekstien tuojana sekä lasten osallisuus. Opinnäytetyönäni toteutin alle kouluikäisille lapsille, heidän perheilleen sekä vanhuksille yhteisen Yhdessä-projektin. Työni toiminnallinen osuus koostui päivähoidon vierailuista vanhusten toimintayksiköissä sekä illan avoimesta yleisötapahtumasta, joka järjestettiin vanhusten päivätoimintakeskuksen tiloissa. Opinnäytetyöni sisälsi suunnitteluosuuden tietoperustan pohjalta, toiminnallisen osuuden ja palautteiden keräämisen sekä päivän onnistumisen arvioinnin niiden pohjalta. Palautetta keräsin kaikilta osallisilta sekä mukana olleiden yksiköiden työntekijöiltä. Idea opinnäytetyöhön lähti vanhustyön harjoittelujakson aikana, joka herätti kiinnostukseni vanhusten ja lasten yhteisestä toiminnasta. Projektiluontoisen kehittämistyön tilaajana toimi Toholammin kunnan sivistystoimen alla toimiva Sateenkaaren päiväkoti. Yhdessä-projekti tarjosi päivähoidon kautta tapahtuvaa lasten tapakasvatusta ja vanhuksiin tutustumista parhaimmalla mahdollisella tavalla, käytännön kautta. Saamieni palautteiden perusteella yhteisistä tuokioista nauttivat sekä lapset, että vanhukset. Työntekijät olivat kokeneet yhteisen toiminnan mielekkääksi ja olivat valmiita osallistumaan vastaaviin tapahtumiin myös jatkossa. Tällainen lämminhenkinen yhteinen toiminta lasten ja vanhusten välillä rikastuttaa molempien arkea ja toimii hyvinvoinnin lisääjänä. Tämä tuli esille palautteista, joissa mainittiin osallistujien iloisuus ja aktiivinen osallistuminen. Tärkeänä pidettiin myös eri-ikäisten ihmisten kohtaamista.The purpose of this thesis was to bring together those who would be able to organize joint activities between the children and the elderly. The aim of my thesis was to increase the interaction between the children and the elderly through joint action. This thesis focuses on early childhood education bringing in different contexts and the participation of children. The present thesis was implemented for children under school-age, their parents and the elderly as a common operational Together-day. The functional part of my thesis consisted of visits made by day care units to the elderly as well as an evening event open to the public, which took place at the facilities of day activity center for elderly. My thesis included a functional part and also collection of the feedback and evaluation of the success of the day based on them. I collected feedback from all parties involved, as well as employees of entities involved in. Idea of the thesis was born during the practice perioid among the elderly, which sparked my interest in the elderly and children to act collectively. As the subscriber in project-development was Toholampi municipal Education Services under which they have Rainbow kindergarten. Together-project offered teaching of manners to children and getting to know the elderly in best possible way, through practice. On the basis of feedback I received joint sessions were enjoy able to children, as well as to the elderly. Workers had experienced joint action meaningful and were willing to participate in similar events in the future. Such a welcoming joint action between the children and the elderly would enrich both daily life and promote wellbeing by helping to work. This came out from the feedback in which was mentioned the happiness and the activity of all participants and also the significance of meeting people of different ages

Eye Tracking Based Assessment of Lexical Processing and Early Lexical Development in Very Preterm Children

Background: Associations between lexical processing and lexical development during the second year of life have been little studied in preterm children. Aims: To evaluate associations between lexical processing at 18 months and lexical development between 12 and 18 months in very preterm children. Study design: Correlational study. Subjects: 25 Finnish-speaking children bornPeer reviewe

Is Reliability of Cognitive Measures in Children Dependent on Participant Age? A Case Study with Two Large-Scale Datasets

When assessing children in laboratory experiments, the measured responses also contain task-irrelevant participant-level variability (“noise”) and measurement noise. Since experimental data are used to make inferences of development of cognitive capabilities with age, it is important to know if reliability of the used measurements depends on child age. Any systematic age-dependent changes in reliability could result in misleading developmental trajectories, as lower reliability will necessarily result in smaller effect sizes. This paper examines age-dependency of task-independent measurement variability in early childhood (3–40 months) by analyzing two large-scale datasets of participant-level experimental responses: the ManyBabies infant-directed speech preference (MB-IDS) dataset and a saccadic reaction time (SRT) dataset collected from rural South Africa. Analysis of participant- and study-level data reveals that MB-IDS shows comparable reliability across the included age range. In contrast, SRTs reflect systematically increasing measurement consistency with increasing age. Potential reasons and implications of this divergence are briefly discussed.Peer reviewe

Leisure Time Physical Activity in Young Adults Born Preterm

Objective To evaluate the amount of self-reported physical activity in young adults born prematurely compared with those born at term. Study design Unimpaired participants of the Preterm Birth Study (Preterm Birth and Early Life Programming of Adult Health and Disease) birth cohort study were studied at age 23.3 +/- 1.2 (SD) years: 118 born early preterm (= 37 weeks, controls). The participants completed a validated 30-item, 12-month physical activity questionnaire. The annual frequency and total volume of conditioning and nonconditioning leisure time physical activity and commuting physical activity were calculated and the data analyzed by means of linear regression. Results Adults born early preterm reported a 31.5% (95% CI, 17.4-43.2) lower volume of leisure time physical activity (in metabolic equivalents [MET] h/year) and had a 2.0-fold increased OR (1.2-3.3) of being in the least active quintile than controls. Lower amounts of conditioning, nonconditioning, and commuting physical activity all contributed to the difference. In addition, early preterm participants undertook less vigorous physical activity (>= 6 MET). No differences in physical activity were found between the late preterm and control groups. Adjustments for potential early life confounders and current mediating health characteristics did not change the results. Conclusions Young adults born early preterm engage less in leisure time physical activities than peers born at term. This finding may in part underlie the increased risk factors of cardiometabolic and other noncommunicable diseases in adults born preterm. Low physical activity is a risk factor for several noncommunicable diseases and amenable to prevention.Peer reviewe

Lung function in adults born preterm

Very preterm birth, before the gestational age (GA) of 32 weeks, increases the risk of obstructed airflow in adulthood. We examined whether all preterm births (GA= 37 weeks). Preterm birth was associated with poorer lung function. Mean differences between individuals born early preterm versus full-term were -0.23 standard deviation (SD) (95% confidence interval (CI): -0.40, -0.05)) for forced vital capacity z-score (zFVC), -0.44 SD (95% CI -0.64, -0.25) for forced expiratory volume z-score (zFEV1), and -0.29 SD (95% CI -0.47, -0.10) for zFEV1/FVC. For late preterm, mean differences with full-term controls were -0.02 SD (95% CI -0.17, 0.13), -0.12 SD (95% CI -0.29, 0.04) and -0.13 SD (95% CI -0.29, 0.02) for zFVC, zFEV1, and zFEV1/FVC, respectively. Examination of finer GA subgroups suggested an inverse non-linear association between lung function and GA, with the greatest impact on zFEV1 for those born extremely preterm. The subgroup means were GA= 37weeks): 0.02 SD. Corresponding means for zFEV1/FVC were -1.79, -0.44, -0.47, -0.48, -0.29, and -0.02. Adjustment for maternal pregnancy conditions and socioeconomic and lifestyle factors had no major impact on the relationship. Preterm birth is associated with airflow limitation in adult life. The association appears to be attributable predominantly to those born most immature, with only a modest decrease among those born preterm at later gestational ages.Peer reviewe

Towards a Deeper Understanding of Sleep Stages through their Representation in the Latent Space of Variational Autoencoders

Artificial neural networks show great success in sleep stage classification, with an accuracy comparable to human scoring. While their ability to learn from labelled electroencephalography (EEG) signals is widely researched, the underlying learning processes remain unexplored. Variational autoencoders can capture the underlying meaning of data by encoding it into a low-dimensional space. Regularizing this space furthermore enables the generation of realistic representations of data from latent space samples. We aimed to show that this model is able to generate realistic sleep EEG. In addition, the generated sequences from different areas of the latent space are shown to have inherent meaning. The current results show the potential of variational autoencoders in understanding sleep EEG data from the perspective of unsupervised machine learning

Beat-to-beat cardiac repolarization lability increases during hypoxemia and arousals in obstructive sleep apnea patients

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with the progression of cardiovascular diseases, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death (SCD). However, the acute impacts of OSA and its consequences on heart function are not yet fully elucidated. We hypothesized that desaturation events acutely destabilize ventricular repolarization, and the presence of accompanying arousals magnifies this destabilization. Ventricular repolarization lability measures, comprising heart rate corrected QT (QTc), short-time-variability of QT (STVQT), and QT variability index (QTVI), were calculated before, during, and after 20,955 desaturations from lead II electrocardiography signals of 492 patients with suspected OSA (52% men). Variations in repolarization parameters were assessed during and after desaturations, both with and without accompanying arousals, and groupwise comparisons were performed based on desaturation duration and depth. Regression analyses were used to investigate the influence of confounding factors, comorbidities, and medications. The standard deviation (SD) of QT, mean QTc, SDQTc, and STVQT increased significantly (P < 0.01), whereas QTVI decreased (P < 0.01) during and after desaturations. The changes in SDQT, mean QTc, SDQTc, and QTVI were significantly amplified (P < 0.01) in the presence of accompanying arousals. Desaturation depth was an independent predictor of increased SDQTc (β = 0.405, P < 0.01), STVQT (β = 0.151, P < 0.01), and QTVI (β = 0.009, P < 0.01) during desaturation. Desaturations cause acute changes in ventricular repolarization, with deeper desaturations and accompanying arousals independently contributing to increased ventricular repolarization lability. This may partially explain the increased risk of arrhythmias and SCD in patients with OSA, especially when the OSA phenotype includes high hypoxic load and fragmented sleep

Anguilla anguilla L. genotoxic and liver biotransformation responses to abietic acid exposure

Adult eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) were exposed for 8, 16, 24, and 72 h to 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.9, and 2.7 microM abietic acid (AA). Genotoxicity was measured as erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA), as well as DNA strand breaks in blood and liver. Liver cytochrome P450 (P450) content, liver ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were determined as biotransformation biomarkers. Liver alanine transaminase (ALT) activity was also measured as an indication of tissue damage. Low AA concentrations, such as 0.1 and 0.3 microM, result in a delayed induction of A. anguilla L. liver EROD activity, whereas the higher AA concentration (2.7 microM AA) also has a delayed effect probably as a consequence of liver tissue high inhibitory concentration. The current eel liver GST activity results demonstrate that only low AA concentrations promote liver increases in GST, whereas high AA concentrations, such as 0.9 and 2.7 microM, do not alter it. The results concerning eel liver ALT activity indicate that significant liver damage is induced by high AA concentrations, such as 2.7 and 0.9 microM. The eel ENA result analysis reveals that AA is a weak ENA inducer in A. anguilla L. Blood DNA integrity results suggest that low AA concentrations promote late decreases in blood DNA integrity; nevertheless, high AA concentrations are early blood genotoxic inducers compared with low AA doses. According to the present research results with respect to eel liver DNA damage, all of the AA exposure concentrations decreased liver DNA integrity.publishe