50 research outputs found
Mutual information for fermionic systems
We study the behavior of the mutual information (MI) in various quadratic
fermionic chains, with and without pairing terms and both with short- and
long-range hoppings. The models considered include the short-range Kitaev model
and also cases in which the area law for the entanglement entropy is -
logarithmically or non-logarithmically - violated. When the area law is
violated at most logarithmically, the MI is a monotonically increasing function
of the conformal four-point ratio x, also for the Kitaev model. Where
non-logarithmic violations of the area law are present, then non-monotonic
features of MI can be observed, with a structure of peaks related to the
spatial configuration of Bell pairs, and the four-point ratio x is found to be
not sufficient to capture the whole structure of the MI. For the model
exhibiting perfect volume law, the MI vanishes identically. For the Kitaev
model, when it is gapped or the range of the pairing is large enough, then the
results have vanishing MI for small x. A discussion of the comparison with the
results obtained by the AdS/CFT correspondence in the strong coupling limit is
presented
Effects of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition on Remote
Abstract We review known and hypothesized effects of nitrogen (N) deposition owing to human activities on the chemistry, organisms, and ecosystem processes of remote oligotrophic freshwaters. Acidification is the best-known effect of N deposition on water chemistry, but additional effects include increased nutrient availability and alteration of the balance between N and other nutrients. Our synthesis of the literature, framed in a comprehensive model for the effects of N deposition on natural ecosystems, shows that all these effects can reduce biological diversity and alter ecosystem processes in remote freshwaters. N deposition is projected to grow worldwide in the near future and will interact with other global changes. Present effects on these fragile ecosystems may be only early signs of more radical impacts ahead
The effects of hypoxia on zooplankton population estimates and migration in lakes
Many zooplankton species typically exhibit diel vertical migration (DVM), where
zooplankton migrate from the hypolimnion to the epilimnion of lakes at night.
Zooplankton exhibit this behavior to avoid visual predators and UV radiation by
remaining in the bottom waters during the day and ascending to the surface waters to feed
on phytoplankton at night. However, hypoxic conditions in the hypolimnion of lakes mayinterfere with DVM and force zooplankton to increase diel horizontal migration (DHM)
to find predation refuge in littoral zones. Climate change and eutrophication are expected
to increase the prevalence and severity of hypoxic conditions worldwide and thereby
possibly alter zooplankton migration patterns. We hypothesize that hypoxia will force
zooplankton to shift their migration patterns from predominantly DVM to DHM to avoid
oxygen-depleted bottom waters. To test our hypothesis, we are conducting a standardized
global sampling program to test whether pelagic, full water column estimates of
zooplankton are greater at night versus the day under hypolimnetic hypoxic versus oxic
conditions. Participants are aiming to sample at least one lake with an oxic hypolimnion
and one lake with a hypoxic hypolimnion during the thermally-stratified period at midday
and midnight. With our global dataset (currently expecting about 60 lakes in 22
countries), our goal is to improve our understanding of how global change may alter
zooplankton migration behavior and patterns in lakes.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Slaughter weight rather than sex affects carcass cuts and tissue composition of Bisaro pigs
Carcass cuts and tissue composition were assessed in Bisaro pigs (n=64) from two sexes (31 gilts and 33 entire
males) reared until three target slaughter body-weights (BW) means: 17 kg, 32 kg, and 79 kg. Dressing percentage
and backfat thickness increased whereas carcass shrinkage decreased with increasing BW. Slaughter
weight affected most of the carcass cut proportions, except shoulder and thoracic regions. Bone proportion
decreased linearly with increasing slaughter BW, while intermuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots
increased concomitantly. Slaughter weight increased the subcutaneous adipose tissue proportion but this impaired
intramuscular and intermuscular adipose tissues in the loin primal. The sex of the pigs minimally affected
the carcass composition, as only the belly weight and the subcutaneous adipose tissue proportions were greater
in gilts than in entire males. Light pigs regardless of sex are recommended to balance the trade-offs between
carcass cuts and their non-edible compositional outcomes.Work included in the Portuguese PRODER research Project
BISOPORC â Pork extensive production of BĂsara breed, in two alternative
systems: fattening on concentrate vs chesnut, Project PRODER SI
I&DT Medida 4.1 âCooperação para a Inovaçãoâ. The authors are
grateful to Laboratory of Carcass and Meat Quality of Agriculture
School of Polytechnic Institute of Bragança âCantinho do Alfredoâ. The
authors are members of the MARCARNE network, funded by CYTED
(ref. 116RT0503).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Climate change drives widespread shifts in lake thermal habitat
Lake surfaces are warming worldwide, raising concerns about lake organism responses to thermal habitat changes. Species may cope with temperature increases by shifting their seasonality or their depth to track suitable thermal habitats, but these responses may be constrained by ecological interactions, life histories or limiting resources. Here we use 32 million temperature measurements from 139 lakes to quantify thermal habitat change (percentage of non-overlap) and assess how this change is exacerbated by potential habitat constraints. Long-term temperature change resulted in an average 6.2% non-overlap between thermal habitats in baseline (1978â1995) and recent (1996â2013) time periods, with non-overlap increasing to 19.4% on average when habitats were restricted by season and depth. Tropical lakes exhibited substantially higher thermal non-overlap compared with lakes at other latitudes. Lakes with high thermal habitat change coincided with those having numerous endemic species, suggesting that conservation actions should consider thermal habitat change to preserve lake biodiversity
Global data set of long-term summertime vertical temperature profiles in 153 lakes
Climate change and other anthropogenic stressors have led to long-term changes in the thermal structure, including surface temperatures, deepwater temperatures, and vertical thermal gradients, in many lakes around the world. Though many studies highlight warming of surface water temperatures in lakes worldwide, less is known about long-term trends in full vertical thermal structure and deepwater temperatures, which have been changing less consistently in both direction and magnitude. Here, we present a globally-expansive data set of summertime in-situ vertical temperature profiles from 153 lakes, with one time series beginning as early as 1894. We also compiled lake geographic, morphometric, and water quality variables that can influence vertical thermal structure through a variety of potential mechanisms in these lakes. These long-term time series of vertical temperature profiles and corresponding lake characteristics serve as valuable data to help understand changes and drivers of lake thermal structure in a time of rapid global and ecological change
Global data set of long-term summertime vertical temperature profiles in 153 lakes
Measurement(s) : temperature of water, temperature profile
Technology Type(s) : digital curation
Factor Type(s) : lake location, temporal interval
Sample Characteristic - Environment : lake, reservoir
Sample Characteristic - Location : global
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14619009Climate change and other anthropogenic stressors have led to long-term changes in the thermal structure, including surface temperatures, deepwater temperatures, and vertical thermal gradients, in many lakes around the world. Though many studies highlight warming of surface water temperatures in lakes worldwide, less is known about long-term trends in full vertical thermal structure and deepwater temperatures, which have been changing less consistently in both direction and magnitude. Here, we present a globally-expansive data set of summertime in-situ vertical temperature profiles from 153 lakes, with one time series beginning as early as 1894. We also compiled lake geographic, morphometric, and water quality variables that can influence vertical thermal structure through a variety of potential mechanisms in these lakes. These long-term time series of vertical temperature profiles and corresponding lake characteristics serve as valuable data to help understand changes and drivers of lake thermal structure in a time of rapid global and ecological change
Effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on remote freshwater ecosystems
International audienceWe review known and hypothesized effects of nitrogen (N) deposition owing to human activities on the chemistry, organisms, and ecosystem processes of remote oligotrophic freshwaters. Acidification is the best-known effect of N deposition on water chemistry, but additional effects include increased nutrient availability and alteration of the balance between N and other nutrients. Our synthesis of the literature, framed in a comprehensive model for the effects of N deposition on natural ecosystems, shows that all these effects can reduce biological diversity and alter ecosystem processes in remote freshwaters. N deposition is projected to grow worldwide in the near future and will interact with other global changes. Present effects on these fragile ecosystems may be only early signs of more radical impacts ahead
Nitrogen limitation of the phytobenthos in Alpine lakes: results from nutrient-diffusing substrata
International audienceIn the Alps, as in other mountainous regions across the world, nitrogen (N) enrichment of ecosystems via atmospheric deposition is a major environmental concern. Nitrogen enrichment can cause acidification in poorly buffered lakes and streams, but here we assessed the less well-known effects of eutrophication on the phytobenthos of lakes and its consequences for grazing.To simulate the effects of N deposition, we conducted experimental nutrient additions (N and N+P) in two lakes in the French Alps, in summer 2012. In each lake, we deployed nutrient-diffusing substrata for 22 days. The substrata were placed within cages that either allowed or prevented access by macrograzers. We tested the hypotheses that N enrichment: (i) increases phytobenthic biomass, (ii) alters phytobenthic taxonomic composition and (iii) reduces benthic grazing.Supporting the first hypothesis, at the end of the experiments N-enriched substrata had a greater phytobenthic biomass than unenriched substrata, indicating N limitation. Supporting the second hypothesis, the taxonomic composition of the phytobenthos differed between N-enriched and control substrata. Green algae, including filamentous forms, were favoured by N enrichment to a greater extent than diatoms and cyanobacteria. By contrast, the third hypothesis was not supported. Grazing had the same effect on the biomass of the phytobenthos regardless of nutrient treatment.Our results highlight the sensitivity of Alpine lakes to deposition of atmospheric N. Its ecological effects are not limited to acidification, but also include increased biomass (eutrophication) and altered taxonomic composition of the phytobenthos. Because filamentous green algae favoured by N enrichment are usually unpalatable to macrograzers, inputs of atmospheric N could reduce the efficiency of transfer of energy from the phytobenthos up through the food web
Causes of episodic acidification in Alpine streams
SUMMARY 1.âDespite their global importance as mountain landscapes, the effect of acid deposition on running waters in the Alps is still incompletely described. The acidâbase status of 30 clearwater streams in Canton Ticino (Switzerland) was therefore assessed at low and high flow across a south/north gradient of acid deposition in 2000.
2.âAt low flow, no stream was acidic, alkalinity being â„29 ÎŒeq Lâ1 and pH â„6.4. However, NO3â was present in streamwater at these flows in concentrations that suggested anthropogenic enrichment, and its concentration correlated with spatial patterns of N deposition from the atmosphere.
3.âSevere loss of alkalinity occurred in most streams at high flow during snowmelt (spring) or rainstorms (spring and autumn). Autumn episodes were because of dilution of streamwater alkalinity by rainwater. By contrast, spring episodes involved dilution and NO3â titration, the increase in nitrate being correlated with patterns of N deposition. SO42â declined during most episodes.
4.âHigh NO3â leaching at low flow suggests that catchment soils in Canton Ticino are approaching saturation in N. These data are among the first to illustrate that NO3â can drive episodic acidification in Europe, paralleling locations in north-eastern United States