Clasificación Pedológica en la Subcuenca del Río Zaratí para el Desarrollo de Buenas Prácticas de Conservación de los Suelos y Aguas

La pedología se encarga de estudiar la clasificación taxonómica permitiendo conocer el estado actual del suelo para evaluar y realizar recomendaciones adecuadas para su mejoramiento y su conservación. Esta investigación llevo a cabo un estudio pedológico en la Subcuenca del Río Zaratí (SRZ) para conocer la evolución, el desarrollo de los diferentes perfiles y analizar sus propiedades morfológicas, físicas, químicas y biológicas. La metodología utilizada se basó en la recolección de datos mediante observaciones de barreno a 120 cm de profundidad, muestreo de suelo en fosas de observación, pruebas de laboratorio y el posterior análisis de resultados. Se identificaron 14 perfiles modales o suelos representativos y se clasificaron según el sistema de Taxonomía de Suelos del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos y se desarrolló la clasificación según la capacidad de uso de suelo. Los suelos en la SRZ son suelos antiguos, que presentan degradación natural y antrópica que afecta la calidad ambiental, la recarga acuífera y su rendimiento para actividades agrícolas. En la SRZ existen tres órdenes de suelos dominantes: Ultisoles, e Inceptisoles asociados a Entisoles, distribuidos en la parte baja, media y alta de la SRZ, respectivamente. Según la capacidad de uso de suelo se clasifican en tierras clase V y VI. Se recomienda implementar prácticas intensivas de manejo y conservación de suelos y agua como mecanización profunda, siembra de árboles y cultivos perennes que protejan el suelo del impacto directo de la lluvia para el control de la erosión y deterioro del suelo

Enfermedades crónicas

Adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico y relación con el control metabólico en pacientes con DM2Aluminio en pacientes con terapia de reemplazo renal crónico con hemodiálisis en Bogotá, ColombiaAmputación de extremidades inferiores: ¿están aumentando las tasas?Consumo de edulcorantes artificiales en jóvenes universitariosCómo crecen niños normales de 2 años que son sobrepeso a los 7 añosDiagnóstico con enfoque territorial de salud cardiovascular en la Región MetropolitanaEfecto a corto plazo de una intervención con ejercicio físico, en niños con sobrepesoEfectos de la cirugía bariátrica en pacientes con síndrome metabólico e IMC < 35 KG/M2Encuesta mundial de tabaquismo en estudiantes de profesiones de saludEnfermedades crónicas no transmisibles: Consecuencias sociales-sanitarias de comunidades rurales en ChileEpidemiología de las muertes hospitalarias por patologías relacionadas a muerte encefálica, Chile 2003-2007Estado nutricional y conductas alimentarias en adolescentes de 4º medio de la Región de CoquimboEstudio de calidad de vida en una muestra del plan piloto para hepatitis CEvaluación del proceso asistencial y de resultados de salud del GES de diabetes mellitus 2Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población universitaria de la Facsal, universidad de TarapacáImplicancias psicosociales en la génesis, evolución y tratamiento de pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencialInfarto agudo al miocardio (IAM): Realidad en el Hospital de Puerto Natales, 2009-2010Introducción de nuevas TIC y mejoría de la asistencia a un programa de saludNiños obesos atendidos en el Cesfam de Puerto Natales y su entorno familiarPerfil de la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en Río de JaneiroPerfil del paciente primo-consultante del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular, Consultorio Cordillera Andina, Los AndesPrevalencia de automedicación en mujeres beneficiarias del Hospital Comunitario de Til-TiPrevalencia de caries en población preescolar y su relación con malnutrición por excesoPrevalencia de retinopatía diabética en comunas dependientes del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC)Problemas de adherencia farmacológica antihipertensiva en población mapuche: Un estudio cualitativoRol biológico de los antioxidantes innatos en pacientes portadores de VIH/SidaSobrepeso en empleados de un restaurante de una universidad pública del estado de São Paul

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Biomarcadores en líquido cefalorraquídeo de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer prodrómica

Introduction: The prodromal Alzheimer�Ls disease (AD) is a new concept that include an amnesic mild cognitive impairment (MCIa) and alterations in some complementary tests. Objective: To test the presence of alterations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in our MCI-a patients who developed AD in the first year after the lumbar puncture. Method: 24 control subjects and 36 MCI-a patients were included from the local hospital memory clinic. Using INNO-BIA Alzbio-3 reagents from Innogenetics, we quantified CSF A�À1-42, T-tau and P-tau181p proteins, and calculated the ratios T-tau / A�À1-42 y P-tau 181p / A�À1-42. This project was approved by the local Ethical Committee. Results: One year after the lumbar puncture, 14 MCI patients (38%) developed AD. These patients showed lower A�À1-42 protein levels (285.37 �} 73.36 vs. 365.21 �} 112.53 pg/ml, p < 0.02) and higher T-tau protein (88.3 �} 40.82 vs. 53.21 �} 23.38 pg/ml, p < 0.002), P-tau 181p protein (66.44 �} 23.87 vs. 31.25 �} 13.74 pg/ml, p< 0.02 ), T-tau / A�À1-42 ratio (0.34 �} 0.19 vs. 0.15 �} 0.08, p < 0.001 ) and P-tau 181p / A�À1-42 ratio (0.25 �} 0.12 vs. 0.09 �} 0.06, p < 0.0001) than the control subjects. Conclusion: In our experience, as the recent literature, it exist the very clear alterations of CSF biomarkers in patients with prodromal AD.Introduccion: La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) prodromica es un concepto reciente que incluye la presencia de un deterioro cognitivo leve de tipo amnesico (DCL-a) y la alteracion en determinadas pruebas complementarias. Objetivo: Comprobar la existencia de alteraciones en los biomarcadores del liquido cefalorraquideo (LCR) en aquellos de nuestros pacientes con DCL-a que en el primer ano postpuncion lumbar desarrollaron la EA. Materiales y metodos: Inicialmente, incluimos 36 pacientes con DCL-a, procedentes de la consulta de deterioro cognitivo de nuestro hospital (criterios de Petersen, 2006) y 24 sujetos control. Por medio de la tecnologia xMAPR Luminex se obtuvieron los niveles de las proteinas A�À1-42, T-tau y P-tau181p en el LCR, mediante los reactivos INNO-BIA Alz-bio 3 (Innogenetics), y los cocientes T-tau / A�À1-42 y P-tau181p / A�À1-42. Las muestras de 19 pacientes se analizaron por duplicado. Resultados: Los coeficientes de correlacion intraclase para cada uno de los tres biomarcadores tenian valores superiores a 0,95. En los doce meses posteriores a la PL, 14 pacientes (38%) con DCL-a progresaron a EA (criterios NINCDS-ADRDA). Estos ultimos presentaban diferencias estadisticamente significativas con respecto a los sujetos control en todos los parametros estudiados: A�À1-42 (285,37 �} 73,36 frente a 365 pg/ml, p < 0,02), T-tau ( 88,3 �} 40,82 frente a 53,21 �} 23,38 pg/ml, p < 0,002), P-tau181p (66,44 �} 23,87 frente a 31,25 �} 13,74 pg/ml, p < 0,02), cociente T-tau / A�À1-42 (0,34 �} 0,19 frente a 0,15 �} 0,08, p < 0,001) y cociente P-tau181p / A�À1-42 (0,25 �} 0,12 frente a 0,09 �} 0,06, p < 0,0001). Conclusion: Como viene mostrando la bibliografia medica reciente, nuestra experiencia tambien pone de manifiesto unas claras alteraciones en los biomarcadores del LCR en los pacientes con EA prodromica

Methods to evaluate cognitive disorders in animal models | Métodos de evaluación de trastornos cognitivos en modelos animales

Introduction. The increasing prevalence of cognitive dysfunction and dementia associated, among others, to population aging in developed countries has grown a great interest in the study of the etiopathogenesis of cognitive deficit and the likely pharmacological targets which improve intellectual function or alter the neurodegeneration underlying these symptoms. Development and conclusions. An essential tool for that purpose is the use of animal models of human-related pathologies which clinically develop with cognitive impairment and dementia. In this review we will analyse the animal models of these disorders and, specially, the main tests that, by means of the observational evolution of the experimental animal, allow assessing its cognitive functions and its modification by experimental treatments that are wanted to investigate for its eventual introduction into clinics. © 2008, Revista de Neurología.Peer Reviewe

Measuring executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB-E).

BACKGROUND:Deficits in executive functions (EFs) are frequently detected in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) is a screening test for assessing EFs although it has not been so far adapted and validated in Spain. We evaluated the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the FAB (FAB-E) in PD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Our study included 54 healthy subjects and 67 PD patients. Cognitive assessment of participants was conducted using the FAB-E, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Trail Making Test (TMT), Revised-Barcelona Test (RBT) and Executive Interview (EXIT-25). Internal consistency, intra- and test-retest reliabilities, concurrent and discriminant validity of the FAB-E were examined. To evaluate the influence of cognitive dysfunction in PD on the performance of the FAB-E, we also classified the PD patients into groups according to their cognitive status as measured by the MMSE using published criteria to identify cognitive deficits in PD. RESULTS:The FAB-E showed good internal consistency (α = 0.751). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ranging from 0.559 to 0.891) and Spearman correlations (from 0.494 to 0.864) of the FAB-E subtests indicated a good-strong reliability. The total and subtest scores generally showed a good concurrent validity, except for the prehension behaviour item of the FAB-E and the Interference and Go/no-go tasks of the EXIT-25 that presented low estimates. Excluding the prehension behaviour subtest, the performance of the FAB-E was higher in the control group than in PD patients. Cognitive dysfunction in PD patients also indicated significant poorer FAB-E scores excepting the motor and prehension behaviour subtests. Discriminant analysis determined a cut-off of 14.5 was optimal to differentiate healthy subjects from PD patients. Moreover, a cut-off <12.5 allocated satisfactorily those PD patients with cognitive impairment (MMSE<26) and scores <11.5 classified suitably those PD patients with dementia (MMSE<24). CONCLUSION:The FAB-E is an accurate tool for evaluating EFs in patients with PD and can provide useful information for distinguishing PD patients with and without cognitive dysfunction at a bedside assessment

Measurement of CSF α‐synuclein improves early differential diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease

Previous studies have indicated the potential of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) α‐synuclein (α‐syn) to be an additional biomarker for improving differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We evaluated α‐syn diagnostic performance across a well‐characterized patient cohort with long‐term follow‐up. For this purpose, CSF α‐syn levels were determined in 25 subjects diagnosed with stable mild cognitive impairment (stable MCI; n = 25), 27 MCI cases due to AD (MCI‐AD; n = 32), 24 MCI cases due to Lewy body disease (MCI‐LBD; n = 24) and control subjects (Ctrl; n = 18). CSF α‐syn levels discriminate between the four groups. There were higher α‐syn levels in MCI‐AD patients and lower levels in MCI‐LBD patients. The combination of α‐syn and P‐tau resulted in a specificity of 99% and a sensitivity of 97% for MCI‐AD. MCI‐AD patients with early psychotic symptoms (n = 9) displayed a trend towards a decrease in P‐tau and α‐syn compared to the MCI‐AD patients without psychotic symptoms (n = 23). We conclude that adding CSF α‐syn to central core AD biomarkers improves an early differential diagnosis of MCI‐AD from other forms of MCI.This study was funded in part by the Direcció General d’Universitat, Investigació i Ciència, GVA (AICO/2018/090 to JSV), co‐financed by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, and through CIBERNED, ISCIII (FEDER, ‘Investing in your future’). MSGA is supported by a Miguel Servet II Grant from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CPII1600011).Peer reviewe

Measurement of CSF α‐synuclein improves early differential diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease

Previous studies have indicated the potential of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) α‐synuclein (α‐syn) to be an additional biomarker for improving differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We evaluated α‐syn diagnostic performance across a well‐characterized patient cohort with long‐term follow‐up. For this purpose, CSF α‐syn levels were determined in 25 subjects diagnosed with stable mild cognitive impairment (stable MCI; n = 25), 27 MCI cases due to AD (MCI‐AD; n = 32), 24 MCI cases due to Lewy body disease (MCI‐LBD; n = 24) and control subjects (Ctrl; n = 18). CSF α‐syn levels discriminate between the four groups. There were higher α‐syn levels in MCI‐AD patients and lower levels in MCI‐LBD patients. The combination of α‐syn and P‐tau resulted in a specificity of 99% and a sensitivity of 97% for MCI‐AD. MCI‐AD patients with early psychotic symptoms (n = 9) displayed a trend towards a decrease in P‐tau and α‐syn compared to the MCI‐AD patients without psychotic symptoms (n = 23). We conclude that adding CSF α‐syn to central core AD biomarkers improves an early differential diagnosis of MCI‐AD from other forms of MCI.This study was funded in part by the Direcció General d’Universitat, Investigació i Ciència, GVA (AICO/2018/090 to JSV), co‐financed by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, and through CIBERNED, ISCIII (FEDER, ‘Investing in your future’). MSGA is supported by a Miguel Servet II Grant from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CPII1600011).Peer reviewe

Assessment of plasma chitotriosidase activity, CCL18/PARC concentration and NP-C suspicion index in the diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type C : A prospective observational study

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a rare, autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 genes. The diagnosis of NP-C remains challenging due to the non-specific, heterogeneous nature of signs/symptoms. This study assessed the utility of plasma chitotriosidase (ChT) and Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18)/pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC) in conjunction with the NP-C suspicion index (NP-C SI) for guiding confirmatory laboratory testing in patients with suspected NP-C. In a prospective observational cohort study, incorporating a retrospective determination of NP-C SI scores, two different diagnostic approaches were applied in two separate groups of unrelated patients from 51 Spanish medical centers (n = 118 in both groups). From Jan 2010 to Apr 2012 (Period 1), patients with ≥2 clinical signs/symptoms of NP-C were considered 'suspected NP-C' cases, and NPC1/NPC2 sequencing, plasma chitotriosidase (ChT), CCL18/PARC and sphingomyelinase levels were assessed. Based on findings in Period 1, plasma ChT and CCL18/PARC, and NP-C SI prediction scores were determined in a second group of patients between May 2012 and Apr 2014 (Period 2), and NPC1 and NPC2 were sequenced only in those with elevated ChT and/or elevated CCL18/PARC and/or NP-C SI ≥70. Filipin staining and 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) measurements were performed in all patients with NP-C gene mutations, where possible. In total across Periods 1 and 2, 10/236 (4%) patients had a confirmed diagnosis o NP-C based on gene sequencing (5/118 [4.2%] in each Period): all of these patients had two causal NPC1 mutations. Single mutant NPC1 alleles were detected in 8/236 (3%) patients, overall. Positive filipin staining results comprised three classical and five variant biochemical phenotypes. No NPC2 mutations were detected. All patients with NPC1 mutations had high ChT activity, high CCL18/PARC concentrations and/or NP-C SI scores ≥70. Plasma 7-KC was higher than control cut-off values in all patients with two NPC1 mutations, and in the majority of patients with single mutations. Family studies identified three further NP-C patients. This approach may be very useful for laboratories that do not have mass spectrometry facilities and therefore, they cannot use other NP-C biomarkers for diagnosis