Pathogenic Mouse Hepatitis Virus or Poly(I:C) Induce IL-33 in Hepatocytes in Murine Models of Hepatitis.

International audienceThe IL-33/ST2 axis is known to be involved in liver pathologies. Although, the IL-33 levels increased in sera of viral hepatitis patients in human, the cellular sources of IL-33 in viral hepatitis remained obscure. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the expression of IL-33 in murine fulminant hepatitis induced by a Toll like receptor (TLR3) viral mimetic, poly(I:C) or by pathogenic mouse hepatitis virus (L2-MHV3). The administration of poly(I:C) plus D-galactosamine (D-GalN) in mice led to acute liver injury associated with the induction of IL-33 expression in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and vascular endothelial cells (VEC), while the administration of poly(I:C) alone led to hepatocyte specific IL-33 expression in addition to vascular IL-33 expression. The hepatocyte-specific IL-33 expression was down-regulated in NK-depleted poly(I:C) treated mice suggesting a partial regulation of IL-33 by NK cells. The CD1d KO (NKT deficient) mice showed hepatoprotection against poly(I:C)-induced hepatitis in association with increased number of IL-33 expressing hepatocytes in CD1d KO mice than WT controls. These results suggest that hepatocyte-specific IL-33 expression in poly(I:C) induced liver injury was partially dependent of NK cells and with limited role of NKT cells. In parallel, the L2-MHV3 infection in mice induced fulminant hepatitis associated with up-regulated IL-33 expression as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine microenvironment in liver. The LSEC and VEC expressed inducible expression of IL-33 following L2-MHV3 infection but the hepatocyte-specific IL-33 expression was only evident between 24 to 32h of post infection. In conclusion, the alarmin cytokine IL-33 was over-expressed during fulminant hepatitis in mice with LSEC, VEC and hepatocytes as potential sources of IL-33

Breakfast habits and factors influencing food choices at breakfast in relation to socio-demographic and family factors among European adolescents. The HELENA Study §

A B S T R A C T Breakfast consumption has been shown to be an important indicator of a healthy lifestyle. Little is known however about factors influencing breakfast consumption and food choices at breakfast in adolescents. The aim of the present study was therefore to describe breakfast habits, and factors influencing food choices at breakfast within the framework of the EU-funded HELENA Study, in 3528 adolescents from ten European cities. Additionally, socio-demographic differences in breakfast habits and in influencing factors were investigated. Half of the adolescents (and fewer girls than boys) indicated being regular breakfast consumers. Girls with mothers with a high level of education, boys from 'traditional' families and boys who perceived low family affluence were positively associated with breakfast consumption. Boys whose parents gave encouragement and girls whose peers ate healthily were more likely to be regular breakfast consumers. 'Hunger', 'taste', 'health concerns' and 'parents or guardian' were the most important influences on the adolescents' food choices at breakfast. Adolescents from southern Europe and girls reported to be more influenced by personal and socio-environmental factors. Sociodemographic differences, in particular regional and gender differences, need to be considered in discussions surrounding the development of nutritional intervention programs intended for adolescents.

Poverty and inequality in rural India: Reflections based on two agrarian system analyses in the state of Gujarat

Through a study in two taluks in the State of Gujarat, this article looks at agrarian systems and their relationship with rural poverty, an essential component of “India’s spatial divide”. Based on in-depth fieldwork, it confirms the extreme poverty that is rampant in the Indian countryside, in a state that nonetheless shows a high growth rate. It reveals how this poverty can be explained by an unequal distribution of land and water, but also of added value that is rooted in social relations of dependency, which have fundamentally changed very little over the course of the last decades. Non-agricultural activities, however important they may be, do nothing to change these inequalities. In the light of this work, the agricultural development policies targeting a redressal of inequalities in rural areas seem more necessary than ever

Pauvreté et inégalités en Inde rurale

Dans deux cantons de l’État du Gujarat, cet article s’intéresse aux systèmes agraires et à leurs relations avec la pauvreté rurale, composante essentielle du « grand écart spatial de l’Inde ». À partir d’un travail de terrain approfondi, il confirme l’extrême pauvreté qui sévit dans les campagnes indiennes, dans un État qui affiche pourtant un taux de croissance élevé. Il montre comment cette pauvreté s’explique par une inégale répartition de la terre, de l’eau, mais aussi de la valeur ajoutée, qui s’enracine dans des relations sociales de dépendance dont l’essence a été peu modifiée au cours des dernières décennies. Les activités non agricoles, pour importantes qu’elles soient, ne modifient pas ces inégalités. À la lumière de ce travail, les politiques de développement agricole visant la résorption des inégalités en zone rurale apparaissent plus que jamais nécessaires

La politique des chaires au Collège de France

Le Collège de France se définit comme le lieu de la science en voie de se faire. Rejetant tout partage disciplinaire fixe, il prône l’adéquation de ses enseignements au renouvellement des savoirs. Mais ce qui apparaît comme une libre transformation est aussi l’expression d’une politique institutionnelle. Le choix d’un intitulé de chaire, la désignation d’un titulaire résultent de l’état de la science et d’un contexte académique, politique et social. La reconduction d’une chaire revient à affirmer qu’une discipline mérite d’être enseignée ; la suppression d’une autre signifie que celle-ci n’a plus sa place dans le paysage scientifique. L’analyse des pratiques à l’œuvre au Collège de France durant ses cinq siècles d’existence, révèle une tension vive et persistante entre l’engagement en faveur de l’innovation et la perpétuation des traditions séculaires. Sur la base de nombreux documents inédits issus notamment des archives du Collège de France, cet ouvrage revisite l’autodéfinition de la plus fameuse institution savante française et invite à reconsidérer la fabrique et le partage des savoirs dans l’enseignement et la recherche

Breakfast habits and factors influencing food choices at breakfast in relation to socio-demographic and family factors among European adolescents: the HELENA study

A B S T R A C T Breakfast consumption has been shown to be an important indicator of a healthy lifestyle. Little is known however about factors influencing breakfast consumption and food choices at breakfast in adolescents. The aim of the present study was therefore to describe breakfast habits, and factors influencing food choices at breakfast within the framework of the EU-funded HELENA Study, in 3528 adolescents from ten European cities. Additionally, socio-demographic differences in breakfast habits and in influencing factors were investigated. Half of the adolescents (and fewer girls than boys) indicated being regular breakfast consumers. Girls with mothers with a high level of education, boys from 'traditional' families and boys who perceived low family affluence were positively associated with breakfast consumption. Boys whose parents gave encouragement and girls whose peers ate healthily were more likely to be regular breakfast consumers. 'Hunger', 'taste', 'health concerns' and 'parents or guardian' were the most important influences on the adolescents' food choices at breakfast. Adolescents from southern Europe and girls reported to be more influenced by personal and socio-environmental factors. Sociodemographic differences, in particular regional and gender differences, need to be considered in discussions surrounding the development of nutritional intervention programs intended for adolescents.