243 research outputs found
Simulation des thermischen Verhaltens asynchroner Traktionsmotoren im Lastzyklus
In diesem Beitrag wird das transiente thermische Verhalten eines asynchronen Traktionsmotors mittels eines Wärmequellennetzwerkes beschrieben. Anhand dieses Ansatzes gelingt es, Erwärmungsläufe für Nennbetriebsarten sowie für Lastzyklen unter Berücksichtigung von Umrichterverlusten und temperaturabhängigen Stromwärmeverlusten innerhalb des Entwurfsprozesses zu ermitteln.The transient thermal behavior of an asynchronous traction motor is described through a thermal equivalent circuit in this paper. With this method it is possible to calculate the temperature rise for several duty types or load cycles within the design process under consideration of the converter losses and the temperature depending resistive losses
The molecular organization of differentially curved caveolae indicates bendable structural units at the plasma membrane
Caveolae are small coated plasma membrane invaginations with diverse functions. Caveolae undergo curvature changes. Yet, it is unclear which proteins regulate this process. To address this gap, we develop a correlative stimulated emission depletion (STED) fluorescence and platinum replica electron microscopy imaging (CLEM) method to image proteins at single caveolae. Caveolins and cavins are found at all caveolae, independent of curvature. EHD2 is detected at both low and highly curved caveolae. Pacsin2 associates with low curved caveolae and EHBP1 with mostly highly curved caveolae. Dynamin is absent from caveolae. Cells lacking dynamin show no substantial changes to caveolae, suggesting that dynamin is not directly involved in caveolae curvature. We propose a model where caveolins, cavins, and EHD2 assemble as a cohesive structural unit regulated by intermittent associations with pacsin2 and EHBP1. These coats can flatten and curve to enable lipid traffic, signaling, and changes to the surface area of the cell
Regularization Methods in Chiral Perturbation Theory
Chiral lagrangians describing the interactions of Goldstone bosons in a
theory possessing spontaneous symmetry breaking are effective,
non-renormalizable field theories in four dimensions. Yet, in a momentum
expansion one is able to extract definite, testable predictions from
perturbation theory. These techniques have yielded in recent years a wealth of
information on many problems where the physics of Goldstone bosons plays a
crucial role, but theoretical issues concerning chiral perturbation theory
remain, to this date, poorly treated in the literature. We present here a
rather comprehensive analysis of the regularization and renormalization
ambiguities appearing in chiral perturbation theory at the one loop level. We
discuss first on the relevance of dealing with tadpoles properly. We
demonstrate that Ward identities severely constrain the choice of regulators to
the point of enforcing unique, unambiguous results in chiral perturbation
theory at the one-loop level for any observable which is renormalization-group
invariant. We comment on the physical implications of these results and on
several possible regulating methods that may be of use for some applications.Comment: 37 pages, 5 figs. not included (available upon request), LaTeX,
PREPRINT UB-ECM-PF 93/1
Renormalizable 1/N_f Expansion for Field Theories in Extra Dimensions
We demonstrate how one can construct renormalizable perturbative expansion in
formally nonrenormalizable higher dimensional field theories. It is based on
-expansion and results in a logarithmically divergent perturbation
theory in arbitrary high space-time dimension. First, we consider a simple
example of -component scalar filed theory and then extend this approach to
Abelian and non-Abelian gauge theories with fermions. In the latter case,
due to self-interaction of non-Abelian fields the proposed recipe requires some
modification which, however, does not change the main results. The resulting
effective coupling is dimensionless and is running in accordance with the usual
RG equations. The corresponding beta function is calculated in the leading
order and is nonpolynomial in effective coupling. It exhibits either UV
asymptotically free or IR free behaviour depending on the dimension of
space-time. The original dimensionful coupling plays a role of a mass and is
also logarithmically renormalized. We analyze also the analytical properties of
a resulting theory and demonstrate that in general it acquires several ghost
states with negative and/or complex masses. In the former case, the ghost state
can be removed by a proper choice of the coupling. As for the states with
complex conjugated masses, their contribution to physical amplitudes cancels so
that the theory appears to be unitary.Comment: 32 pages, 20 figure
Factorization of Correlation Functions and the Replica Limit of the Toda Lattice Equation
Exact microscopic spectral correlation functions are derived by means of the
replica limit of the Toda lattice equation. We consider both Hermitian and
non-Hermitian theories in the Wigner-Dyson universality class (class A) and in
the chiral universality class (class AIII). In the Hermitian case we rederive
two-point correlation functions for class A and class AIII as well as several
one-point correlation functions in class AIII. In the non-Hermitian case the
spectral density of non-Hermitian complex random matrices in the weak
non-Hermiticity limit is obtained directly from the replica limit of the Toda
lattice equation. In the case of class A, this result describes the spectral
density of a disordered system in a constant imaginary vector potential (the
Hatano-Nelson model) which is known from earlier work. New results are obtained
for the spectral density in the weak non-Hermiticity limit of a quenched chiral
random matrix model at nonzero chemical potential. These results apply to the
ergodic or domain of quenched QCD at nonzero chemical potential. The
spectral density obtained is different from the result derived by Akemann for a
closely related model, which is given by the leading order asymptotic expansion
of our result. In all cases, the replica limit of the Toda lattice equation
explains the factorization of spectral one- and two-point functions into a
product of a bosonic (noncompact integral) and a fermionic (compact integral)
partition function. We conclude that the fermionic, the bosonic and the
supersymmetric partition functions are all part of a single integrable
hierarchy. This is the reason that it is possible to obtain the supersymmetric
partition function, and its derivatives, from the replica limit of the Toda
lattice equation.Comment: 29 pages, 2 figures. Clarifying comments added in sec 3.2.3 and a few
typos corrected. Version to appear in Nucl. Phys.
Pion electroproduction, PCAC, chiral Ward identities, and the axial form factor revisited
We re-investigate Adler's PCAC relation in the presence of an external
electromagnetic field within the framework of QCD coupled to external fields.
We discuss pion electroproduction within a tree-level approximation to chiral
perturbation theory and explicitly verify a chiral Ward identity referred to as
the Adler-Gilman relation. We critically examine soft-momentum techniques and
point out how inadmissable approximations may lead to results incompatible with
chiral symmetry. As a result we confirm that threshold pion electroproduction
is indeed a tool to obtain information on the axial form factor of the nucleon.Comment: 33 pages, RevTex, 9 figure
Anti-Ferromagnetic Condensate in Yang-Mills Theory
SU(2) gauge theory with competing interactions is shown to possess a rich
phase structure with anti-ferromagnetic vacua. It is argued that the phase
boundaries persist in the weak coupling limit suggesting the existence of
different renormalized continuum theories for QCD.Comment: 26 pages of LaTeX with 8 PostScript figures, uses elsart style file,
new version accepted for publication in Nucl. Phys.
The Gribov problem and QCD dynamics
In 1967, Faddeev and Popov were able to quantize the Yang-Mills theory by
introducing new particles called ghost through the introduction of a gauge.
Ever since, this quantization has become a standard textbook item. Some years
later, Gribov discovered that the gauge fixing was not complete, gauge copies
called Gribov copies were still present and could affect the infrared region of
quantities like the gauge dependent gluon and ghost propagator. This feature
was often in literature related to confinement. Some years later, the
semi-classical approach of Gribov was generalized to all orders and the
so-called GZ action was born. Ever since, many related articles were published.
This review tends to give a pedagogic review of the ideas of Gribov and the
subsequent construction of the GZ action, including many other toipics related
to the Gribov region. It is shown how the GZ action can be viewed as a
non-perturbative tool which has relations with other approaches towards
confinement. Many different features related to the GZ action shall be
discussed in detail, such as BRST breaking, the KO criterion, the propagators,
etc. We shall also compare with the lattice data and other non-perturbative
approaches, including stochastic quantization.Comment: 121 pages, 12 figures, Review article, references adde
Multi-omics analysis identifies therapeutic vulnerabilities in triple-negative breast cancer subtypes
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a collection of biologically diverse cancers characterized by distinct transcriptional patterns, biology, and immune composition. TNBCs subtypes include two basal-like (BL1, BL2), a mesenchymal (M) and a luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtype. Through a comprehensive analysis of mutation, copy number, transcriptomic, epigenetic, proteomic, and phospho-proteomic patterns we describe the genomic landscape of TNBC subtypes. Mesenchymal subtype tumors display high mutation loads, genomic instability, absence of immune cells, low PD-L1 expression, decreased global DNA methylation, and transcriptional repression of antigen presentation genes. We demonstrate that major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) is transcriptionally suppressed by H3K27me3 modifications by the polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2). Pharmacological inhibition of PRC2 subunits EZH2 or EED restores MHC-I expression and enhances chemotherapy efficacy in murine tumor models, providing a rationale for using PRC2 inhibitors in PD-L1 negative mesenchymal tumors. Subtype-specific differences in immune cell composition and differential genetic/pharmacological vulnerabilities suggest additional treatment strategies for TNBC
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