Anti-bacterial activity of inorganic nanomaterials and their antimicrobial peptide conjugates against resistant and non-resistant pathogens

This review details the antimicrobial applications of inorganic nanomaterials of mostly metallic form, and the augmentation of activity by surface conjugation of peptide ligands. The review is subdivided into three main sections, of which the first describes the antimicrobial activity of inorganic nanomaterials against gram-positive, gram-negative and multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. The second section highlights the range of antimicrobial peptides and the drug resistance strategies employed by bacterial species to counter lethality. The final part discusses the role of antimicrobial peptide-decorated inorganic nanomaterials in the fight against bacterial strains that show resistance. General strategies for the preparation of antimicrobial peptides and their conjugation to nanomaterials are discussed, emphasizing the use of elemental and metallic oxide nanomaterials. Importantly, the permeation of antimicrobial peptides through the bacterial membrane is shown to aid the delivery of nanomaterials into bacterial cells. By judicious use of targeting ligands, the nanomaterial becomes able to differentiate between bacterial and mammalian cells and, thus, reduce side effects. Moreover, peptide conjugation to the surface of a nanomaterial will alter surface chemistry in ways that lead to reduction in toxicity and improvements in biocompatibility

An Attack Bound for Small Multiplicative Inverse of φ(N) mod e with a Composed Prime Sum p + q Using Sublattice Based Techniques

In this paper, we gave an attack on RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) Cryptosystem when φ ( N ) has small multiplicative inverse modulo e and the prime sum p + q is of the form p + q = 2 n k 0 + k 1 , where n is a given positive integer and k 0 and k 1 are two suitably small unknown integers using sublattice reduction techniques and Coppersmith’s methods for finding small roots of modular polynomial equations. When we compare this method with an approach using lattice based techniques, this procedure slightly improves the bound and reduces the lattice dimension. Employing the previous tools, we provide a new attack bound for the deciphering exponent when the prime sum p + q = 2 n k 0 + k 1 and performed an analysis with Boneh and Durfee’s deciphering exponent bound for appropriately small k 0 and k 1

Homogenization of Periodic Masonry using Self-Consistent Scheme and Finite Element Method

Masonry is a heterogeneous anisotropic continuum, made up of the brick and mortar arranged in a periodic manner. Obtaining the effective elastic stiffness of the masonry structures has been a challenging task. In this study, the homogenization theory for periodic media is implemented in a very generic manner to derive the anisotropic global behaviour of the masonry, through rigorous application of the homogenization theory in one step and through a full three dimensional behavior. We have considered the periodic Eshelby self-consistent method and the finite element method. Two representative unit cells that represent the microstructure of the masonry wall exactly are considered for calibration and numerical application of the theory