19 research outputs found

    “We Used to Say Rats Fell from the Sky After a Flood:” Temporary Recovery of Muskrat Following Ice Jams in the Peace-Athabasca Delta

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    Elders and Indigenous land users in the Peace-Athabasca Delta (PAD) have observed a dramatic decline in the relative abundance of muskrat in recent decades (~1935–2014). The main explanation for the decline has been reduction in suitable habitat as a result of decades with reduced frequency of ice-jam flooding on the Peace River. Under favourable conditions, ice jams can cause flooding of perched basins within the PAD that would otherwise receive no recharge from floodwaters. To examine whether abundance of muskrat in the PAD is driven by flooding, we tested the predictions that the density of muskrat (estimated by winter counts of houses) (1) was inversely related to the number of years since major ice jam floods and (2) increased with water depth. An ongoing collaborative monitoring program initiated in 2011, combined with analysis of data from past surveys (1973–2015), allowed Indigenous land users and scientists to document a 10 to 100-fold increase in the density of muskrat houses in 24 basins, over the two years following ice-jam flood events in the PAD. During 1973–2015, in the periods between major floods, density of houses dropped by approximately 79% for every year after a significant flood. In 27 basins surveyed from 2011 to 2015, density of muskrat houses increased by two orders of magnitude in the two years following a flood in the spring of 2014. Density of muskrat houses had a non-linear relationship with estimated depth of water at the time of fall freeze-up; the highest densities of muskrat houses were in basins with about 60 – 250 cm of water at the time of freeze-up. The depth of snow at the time of surveys did not have a strong relationship with the density of muskrat houses. However, few houses were counted in basins with more than 20 cm of snow, likely because deeper snow made it more difficult to conduct surveys and spot houses. Factors other than an increase in the depth of water at fall freeze-up may provide the mechanisms by which flooding affects muskrat. Density of muskrat houses is clearly tied to ice-jam flooding in the PAD. However, the local mechanisms by which floods affect muskrat are best understood by Indigenous land users and remain poorly understood by Western science. Indigenous peoples continue to regard muskrat as an indicator of ecological and cultural health of the PAD. This study highlights the value of consistent ecological monitoring that includes Indigenous knowledge.Les aĂźnĂ©s et les utilisateurs des terres autochtones du delta des riviĂšres de la Paix et Athabasca ont observĂ© une baisse draconienne de l’abondance du rat musquĂ© au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies (~1935-2014). La principale explication du dĂ©clin est la diminution d’abris convenables, et ce, en raison de plusieurs dĂ©cennies marquĂ©es par la frĂ©quence rĂ©duite d’inondations causĂ©es par des embĂącles dans la riviĂšre de la Paix. Dans des conditions favorables, les embĂącles peuvent causer l’inondation des bassins perchĂ©s au sein du delta des riviĂšres de la Paix et Athabasca qui autrement ne recevraient pas de recharge des eaux de crue. Afin d’examiner si l’abondance du rat musquĂ© dans le delta des riviĂšres de la Paix et Athabasca est favorisĂ©e par les inondations, nous avons testĂ© des prĂ©visions selon lesquelles la densitĂ© du rat musquĂ© (estimĂ©e par le nombre d’abris en hiver) 1) Ă©tait inversement liĂ©e au nombre d’annĂ©es depuis les derniĂšres importantes inondations causĂ©es par des embĂącles et 2) augmentait avec la profondeur de l’eau. Un programme collaboratif de suivi continu lancĂ© en 2011, combinĂ© Ă  l’analyse de donnĂ©es des relevĂ©s antĂ©rieurs (1973-2015), a permis aux utilisateurs des terres autochtones et aux scientifiques de multiplier de 10 Ă  100 fois la densitĂ© d’abris du rat musquĂ© dans 24 bassins, au cours des deux annĂ©es suivant des Ă©vĂ©nementsd’inondation causĂ©s par des embĂącles dans le delta des riviĂšres de la Paix et Athabasca. Entre 1973 et 2015, durant les pĂ©riodes se situant entre les inondations importantes, la densitĂ© d’abris a diminuĂ© d’environ 79 % chaque annĂ©e suivant une inondation importante. Dans 27 bassins sondĂ©s entre 2011 et 2015, la densitĂ© d’abris du rat musquĂ© a augmentĂ© de deux ordres de grandeur au cours des deux annĂ©es ayant suivi une inondation survenue au printemps de 2014. La densitĂ© d’abris du rat musquĂ© avait une relation non linĂ©aire avec la profondeur de l’eau estimĂ©e au moment de la prise des glaces en automne; les plus fortes densitĂ©s d’abris du rat musquĂ© se trouvaient dans les bassins ayant de 60 Ă  250 cm d’eau au moment de la prise des glaces. La profondeur de la neige au moment des relevĂ©s n’avait pas de relation solide avec la densitĂ© d’abris du rat musquĂ©. Cependant, nous avons comptĂ© peu d’abris dans les bassins comptant plus de 20 cm de neige, probablement parce qu’il Ă©tait plus difficile d’effectuer des relevĂ©s et de trouver les abris dans la neige plus Ă©paisse. Des facteurs autres que l’augmentation de la profondeur de l’eau au moment de la prise des glaces en automne pourraient fournir les mĂ©canismes par lesquels les inondations se rĂ©percutent sur les rats musquĂ©s. La densitĂ© d’abris du rat musquĂ© est manifestement liĂ©e aux inondations causĂ©es par des embĂącles dans le delta des riviĂšres de la Paix et Athabasca. Toutefois, les utilisateurs des terres autochtones comprennent mieux les mĂ©canismes locaux par lesquels les inondations se rĂ©percutent sur les rats musquĂ©s, tandis qu’ils demeurent mal compris par la science occidentale. Les peuples autochtones continuent de considĂ©rer le rat musquĂ© comme un indicateur de la santĂ© Ă©cologique et culturelle du delta des riviĂšres de la Paix et Athabasca. Cette Ă©tude fait ressortir la valeur d’un suivi Ă©cologique constant qui tient compte des connaissances autochtones

    Recent Progress in the Use of Glucagon and Glucagon Receptor Antagonists in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

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    Glucagon is an important pancreatic hormone, released into blood circulation by alpha cells of the islet of Langerhans. Glucagon induces gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in hepatocytes, leading to an increase in hepatic glucose production and subsequently hyperglycemia in susceptible individuals. Hyperglucagonemia is a constant feature in patients with T2DM. A number of bioactive agents that can block glucagon receptor have been identified. These glucagon receptor antagonists can reduce the hyperglycemia associated with exogenous glucagon administration in normal as well as diabetic subjects. Glucagon receptor antagonists include isoserine and beta-alanine derivatives, bicyclic 19-residue peptide BI-32169, Des-His1-[Glu9] glucagon amide and related compounds, 5-hydroxyalkyl-4-phenylpyridines, N-[3-cano-6- (1,1 dimethylpropyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothien-2-yl]-2-ethylbutamide, Skyrin and NNC 250926. The absorption, dosage, catabolism, excretion and medicinal chemistry of these agents are the subject of this review. It emphasizes the role of glucagon in glucose homeostasis and how it could be applied as a novel tool for the management of diabetes mellitus by blocking its receptors with either monoclonal antibodies, peptide and non-peptide antagonists or gene knockout techniques

    Mindfulness training for adolescents: A neurodevelopmental perspective on investigating modifications in attention and emotion regulation using event-related brain potentials

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