O voto em bloco individual no Brasil: notas de pesquisa sobre a eleição senatorial de duas vagas

O artigo toma como foco de análise a eleição de senador de duas vagas, defnindo seu lugar dentro da família dos sistemas eleitorais majoritários como um tipo de voto em bloco. Eu investigo peças da legislação eleitoral num esforço de descrever a história de sua aplicação no País e faço uma primeira análise dos resultados eleitorais agregados das disputas de 1994, 2002 e 2010. O texto chega à conclusão de que fenômenos como o voto casado e o voto ordinal subjetivo, tipicamente presentes na dinâmica dos dois votos desses pleitos, justifcam tratá-los como tendo efeitos estratégicos inteiramente distintos da maioria simples em distritos uninominais

AÇÃO COLETIVA E COOPERAÇÃO INTERMUNICIPAL EM DUAS METRÓPOLES

O texto tem como objetivo central elaborar uma teoria da ação coletiva pertinente à análise dos problemas de cooperação metropolitanos. Tomando como casos preliminares as regiões metropolitanas de Natal e Recife, o trabalho visa também a definir que incentivos os municípios componentes de tais regiões têm para colaborar na solução de problemas tipicamente intermunicipais. A opção teórico-metodológica do artigo leva à conclusão de que as questões relacionadas à gestão metropolitana não podem ser separadas de variáveis relativas à integração dos municípios à cidade-polo da região. O trabalho empírico efetuado na aplicação parcial do modelo sistematiza dados qualitativos e quantitativos de pesquisas feitas por outros autores sobre as duas regiões mencionadas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: cooperação, gestão, metrópoles. COLLECTIVE ACTION AND INTERMUNICIPAL COOPERATION IN TWO METROPOLISES Alan Daniel Freire de Lacerda This paper mainly aims to develop a theory of collective action relevant to the analysis of problems of metropolitan cooperation. Taking as such preliminary cases the metropolitan areas of Recife and Natal, this work also aims to establish which incentives municipalities belonging to such regions have to cooperate in solving typically intermunicipal problems. The theoretical and methodological choice of this paper leads to the conclusion that the issues related to metropolitan management can not be separated from variables related to the integration of the counties to the main city in the region.The empirical work done in the partial implementation of the model sistematizes qualitative and quantitative data from research done by others over the two regions mentioned. KEYWORDS: cooperation, management, metropolises. ACTION COLLETIVE ET COOPÉRATION INTERMUNICIPALE DANS DEUX MÉTROPOLES Alan Daniel Freire de Lacerda L’objectif principal de ce texte est d’élaborer la théorie d’une action collective capable d’analyser les problèmes métropolitains de coopération. Les régions métropolitaines de Natal et de Recife serviront de base pour une étude de cas préliminaire. La recherche se veut également de définir les supports dont disposent les municipalités qui forment ces régions pour apporter leur collaboration en vue de trouver une solution aux problèmes inter municipaux. Le choix théorique et méthodologique de cette étude mène à la conclusion que les questions liées à la gestion métropolitaine ne peuvent être séparées des variables relatives à l’intégration des communes avec la ville-pôle de la région. Le travail empirique, réalisé pour la mise en œuvre partielle du modèle, systématise les données qualitatives et quantitatives des recherches réalisées par d’autres auteurs sur les deux régions citées. MOTS-CLÉS: coopération, gestion, métropoles. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br   Publicação Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccr

A anatomia da participação: os conselhos como arena decisória

Como espaços de expressão democrática, desde a Constituição de 1988, os conselhos fazem parte de um arcabouço institucional que prevê a participação da sociedade na gestão das políticas públicas. A literatura especializada usualmente tem analisado tais órgãos à luz de teorias sobre participação e cidadania, faltando um olhar mais detido sobre o processo decisório no interior desses grupos. O objetivo deste trabalho é formular uma abordagem analítica unificada que procure suprir a carência mencionada, integrando a teoria das elites, a da escolha pública e o pluralismo. Com isso, espera-se entender de maneira mais refinada a formação de preferências e de grupos dirigentes no âmbito dos conselhos

Teorias da democracia e a práxis política e social brasileira: limites e possibilidades

Este trabalho percorre as teorias da democracia – desde aquelas que enfatizamo seu caráter competitivo, realista, formal, passando por aquelas que destacamseu aspecto deliberativo, plebiscitário e participativo, até as que consideramprimordial enfatizar seu caráter igualitário e substantivo – buscando demonstrar oalcance, as convergências e os limites de tais teorias. Mais do que apenas enfatizaras diferenças, contradições e o caráter normativo entre tais arcabouços teóricos,busca-se evidenciar em que aspectos as instituições e as experiências democráticascontemporâneas respondem de forma significativa e convergente as questõescolocadas por essas teorias no Brasil

HIV-related non-Hodgkin lymphomas affecting the oral cavity:a clinicopathologic study of 11 cases

HIV-related non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the oral cavity are rare lesions with aggressive clinical behaviour. The aim of this study is to describe the clinicopathological features of a series of HIV-related oral non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Eleven cases of oral lymphomas affecting HIV-positive patients were retrieved from 2012 to 2019. Clinicopathological features regarding age, sex, tumour location, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, disease stage and follow-up were obtained. Histologic, immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization for EBV detection were done for diagnosis confirmation. Overall survival was estimated by Kaplan?Meier curve. Males predominated, with a mean age of 40.3 years-old. Maxilla and mandible were the mostly affected. Plasmablastic lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (NOS) were the main histological types. Lesions presented as reddish ulcerated swellings, representing the first sign of AIDS in six cases. Stage IV were common (7 cases) and the mean HIV viral load was 10,557 copies/mL, with a mean of 266 CD4+ cells/mm3, 1,278 CD8+ cells/mm3 and a CD4+/CD8+ ratio of 0.26. Eight patients died of the disease (72.7%). Overall survival revealed that 78.2% of the patients died after 21 months of follow-up. HIV-related oral lymphomas present a poor prognosis usually diagnosed in advanced stages and in our series plasmablastic lymphoma was the most common subtype

From cheek swabs to consensus sequences : an A to Z protocol for high-throughput DNA sequencing of complete human mitochondrial genomes

Background: Next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) technologies have made huge impacts in many fields of biological research, but especially in evolutionary biology. One area where NGS has shown potential is for high-throughput sequencing of complete mtDNA genomes (of humans and other animals). Despite the increasing use of NGS technologies and a better appreciation of their importance in answering biological questions, there remain significant obstacles to the successful implementation of NGS-based projects, especially for new users. Results: Here we present an ‘A to Z’ protocol for obtaining complete human mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomes – from DNA extraction to consensus sequence. Although designed for use on humans, this protocol could also be used to sequence small, organellar genomes from other species, and also nuclear loci. This protocol includes DNA extraction, PCR amplification, fragmentation of PCR products, barcoding of fragments, sequencing using the 454 GS FLX platform, and a complete bioinformatics pipeline (primer removal, reference-based mapping, output of coverage plots and SNP calling). Conclusions: All steps in this protocol are designed to be straightforward to implement, especially for researchers who are undertaking next-generation sequencing for the first time. The molecular steps are scalable to large numbers (hundreds) of individuals and all steps post-DNA extraction can be carried out in 96-well plate format. Also, the protocol has been assembled so that individual ‘modules’ can be swapped out to suit available resources

Eclipsing Binary Trojan Asteroid Patroclus: Thermal Inertia from Spitzer Observations

We present mid-infrared (8-33 micron) observations of the binary L5-Trojan system (617) Patroclus-Menoetius before, during, and after two shadowing events, using the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) on board the Spitzer Space Telescope.F or the first time, we effectively observe changes in asteroid surface temperature in real time, allowing the thermal inertia to be determined very directly. A new detailed binary thermophysical model is presented which accounts for the system's known mutual orbit, arbitrary component shapes, and thermal conduction in the presence of eclipses. We obtain two local thermal-inertia values, representative of the respective shadowed areas: 21+/14 MKS and 6.4+/-1.6 MKS. The average thermal inertia is estimated to be 20+/-15 MKS, potentially with significant surface heterogeneity. This first thermal-inertia measurement for a Trojan asteroid indicates a surface covered in fine regolith. The diameters of Patroclus and Menoetius are 106 +/- 11 and 98+/-10 km, respectively, in agreement with previous findings. Taken together with the system's known total mass, this implies a bulk mass density of 1.08 +/-0.33 g/cm3, significantly below the mass density of L4-Trojan asteroid (624) Hektor and suggesting a bulk composition dominated by water ice.Comment: in press to Icarus, 48 pages, 6 tables, 5 figure

TNOs are cool: a survey of the transneptunian region

Over one thousand objects have so far been discovered orbiting beyond Neptune. These trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) represent the primitive remnants of the planetesimal disk from which the planets formed and are perhaps analogous to the unseen dust parent-bodies in debris disks observed around other main-sequence stars. The dynamical and physical properties of these bodies provide unique and important constraints on formation and evolution models of the Solar System. While the dynamical architecture in this region (also known as the Kuiper Belt) is becoming relatively clear, the physical properties of the objects are still largely unexplored. In particular, fundamental parameters such as size, albedo, density and thermal properties are difficult to measure. Measurements of thermal emission, which peaks at far-IR wavelengths, offer the best means available to determine the physical properties. While Spitzer has provided some results, notably revealing a large albedo diversity in this population, the increased sensitivity of Herschel and its superior wavelength coverage should permit profound advances in the field. Within our accepted project we propose to perform radiometric measurements of 139 objects, including 25 known multiple systems. When combined with measurements of the dust population beyond Neptune (e.g. from the New Horizons mission to Pluto), our results will provide a benchmark for understanding the Solar debris disk, and extra-solar ones as well