University and power in Peru: the last hundred years

Este artículo trata del contrapunto entre la universidad y el poder en el Perú en los últimos cien años. Este asunto: la disputa de poder, en el mejor y el peor sentido de la palabra, es lo que va a determinar el decurso de esta relación. La universidad, en especial la universidad pública, tratando de ser un factor de democratización del país y el poder estatal, con actitudes cambiantes: la represión, el abandono, la privatización; buscando domesticar los impulsos rebeldes y cuestionadores de los universitarios. El portal de mira es la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, desde su tradición, importancia y liderazgo, pero también desde su decadencia. Se trata, por lo demás, de un contrapunto irresuelto, que continúa una de las muchas interrogantes sobre el futuro de la democratización del Perú.This article addresses the counterpoint between the university and political power in Peru during the last hundred years. This power dispute, in the best and worst sense, will determine the course of this relationship. The university, mainly the public university, tries to position itself as a democratizing factor in the country while state power embraces changing attitudes: repression, abandonment, and privatization, to tame the rebellious and questioning impulses of university professionals. We analyze this issue focusing on the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, considering its tradition, importance, leadership, and decline. It is an unresolved counterpoint that continues among the many questions about the future of Peruvian democratization

Presentación

En este número cuatro de la revista de teoría crítica en ciencias sociales Discursos del Sur, presentamos un dossier sobre los temas de género titulado “Género: disputas y perspectivas”, que ha estado a cargo de nuestra editora invitada, la doctora Angélica Motta. El movimiento feminista es hoy uno de los movimientos sociales más importantes de nuestro tiempo, que desarrolla la perspectiva de género como una herramienta fundamental para el análisis, no solo de los problemas de la mujer y la diversidad sexual, sino también del conjunto de los problemas sociales de nuestro tiempo.En este número cuatro de la revista de teoría crítica en ciencias sociales Discursos del Sur, presentamos un dossier sobre los temas de género titulado “Género: disputas y perspectivas”, que ha estado a cargo de nuestra editora invitada, la doctora Angélica Motta. El movimiento feminista es hoy uno de los movimientos sociales más importantes de nuestro tiempo, que desarrolla la perspectiva de género como una herramienta fundamental para el análisis, no solo de los problemas de la mujer y la diversidad sexual, sino también del conjunto de los problemas sociales de nuestro tiempo

Galaxy Clusters in the Line of Sight to Background Quasars: II. Environmental effects on the sizes of baryonic halo sizes

Based on recent results on the frequency of MgII absorption line systems in the "QSO behind RCS clusters" survey (QbC), we analyse the effects of the cluster environment on the sizes of baryonic haloes around galaxies. We use two independent models, i) an empirical halo occupation model which fits current measurements of the clustering and luminosity function of galaxies at low and high redshifts, and ii) the GALFORM semi-analytic model of galaxy formation, which follows the evolution of the galaxy population from first principles, adjusted to match the statistics of low and high redshift galaxies. In both models we constrain the MgII halo sizes of field and cluster galaxies using observational results on the observed MgII statistics. Our results for the field are in good agreement with previous works, indicating a typical \mgii\ halo size of $r_MgII ~ 50h_71^-1kpc in the semi-analytic model, and slightly lower in the halo occupation number approach. For the cluster environment, we find that both models require a median MgII halo size of r_MgII< 10h_71^-1kpc in order to reproduce the observed statistics on absorption line systems in clusters of galaxies. Based on the Chen & Tinker (2008) result that stronger systems occur closer to the MgII halo centre, we find that strong absorption systems in clusters of galaxies occur at roughly a fixed fraction of the cold-warm halo size out to 1h_71^-1Mpc from the cluster centres. In contrast, weaker absorption systems appear to occur at progressively shorter relative fractions of this halo as the distance to the cluster centre decreases.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Evaluation of appendicitis risk prediction models in adults with suspected appendicitis

Background Appendicitis is the most common general surgical emergency worldwide, but its diagnosis remains challenging. The aim of this study was to determine whether existing risk prediction models can reliably identify patients presenting to hospital in the UK with acute right iliac fossa (RIF) pain who are at low risk of appendicitis. Methods A systematic search was completed to identify all existing appendicitis risk prediction models. Models were validated using UK data from an international prospective cohort study that captured consecutive patients aged 16–45 years presenting to hospital with acute RIF in March to June 2017. The main outcome was best achievable model specificity (proportion of patients who did not have appendicitis correctly classified as low risk) whilst maintaining a failure rate below 5 per cent (proportion of patients identified as low risk who actually had appendicitis). Results Some 5345 patients across 154 UK hospitals were identified, of which two‐thirds (3613 of 5345, 67·6 per cent) were women. Women were more than twice as likely to undergo surgery with removal of a histologically normal appendix (272 of 964, 28·2 per cent) than men (120 of 993, 12·1 per cent) (relative risk 2·33, 95 per cent c.i. 1·92 to 2·84; P < 0·001). Of 15 validated risk prediction models, the Adult Appendicitis Score performed best (cut‐off score 8 or less, specificity 63·1 per cent, failure rate 3·7 per cent). The Appendicitis Inflammatory Response Score performed best for men (cut‐off score 2 or less, specificity 24·7 per cent, failure rate 2·4 per cent). Conclusion Women in the UK had a disproportionate risk of admission without surgical intervention and had high rates of normal appendicectomy. Risk prediction models to support shared decision‐making by identifying adults in the UK at low risk of appendicitis were identified

La derecha peruana de encomenderos a neoliberales, pero siempre encomenderos

This article places the origin and development of the Peruvian Right as a neoliberal right over the period 1990-2020. The study delves into the roots of this political notion in Peruvian history, and compares it to previous rights. At the beginning of the examined period, during Fujimorism, it is an authoritarian right. Subsequently, it becomes a right that ensures the continuity of the model while it transitions to democracy. However, it is an unfinished transition as the neoliberal continuity promotes a limited democracy, represented by politicians but run by technocrats, and policed by large business owners. Corruption scandals in recent years have revealed the exhaustion of this arrangement, and in the absence of an alternative two factions of neoliberalism compete for finding a way out, the remains and heirs to Fujimorism, and the one born in democracy. Neither has yet proven able to define the situation, which could make room for a third actor.Este artículo plantea el origen y desarrollo de la derecha peruana como una derecha neoliberal en el período 1990-2020. El argumento busca las raíces de esta expresión política en la historia peruana y en la comparación con derechas anteriores. En el período de estudio y en un primer momento con el fujimorismo, esta es una derecha autoritaria. En uno segundo, una derecha que mantiene la continuidad del modelo, pero transita a la democracia. Se trata, sin embargo, de una transición inacabada porque la continuidad neoliberal promueve una democracia limitada, representada por políticos, pero administrada por tecnócratas y vigilada por los grandes propietarios. Los escándalos de corrupción de los últimos años revelan el agotamiento de este arreglo y por falta de una alternativa, la salida hoy se juega entre dos facciones del neoliberalismo, los restos y herederos del fujimorismo y la procreada en democracia, que no son capaces todavía de definir la situación y esto podría incluir a un tercer actor