Violencia sexual contra la mujer, en el marco del conflicto armado colombiano. Historia de vida de una excombatiente.

La violencia sexual contra la mujer la encontramos en diferentes espacios y momentos sociales, está presente en los entornos familiares, escolares, laborales y en los espacios públicos. Se da en tiempos de paz, siendo las víctimas las niñas, los niños y las mujeres; pero también en tiempos de guerra, donde la violencia sexual se hace más evidente, con más violencia, es continua y sistemática. La violencia sexual se debe entender como todo aquel conjunto de acciones que se ejercen mediante el uso de la fuerza, donde el actor está en posición de ventaja y de poder, y que tiene capacidad para ocasionar daño a aquel contra el cual dirige su ataque. La violencia sexual contra la mujer dentro del marco del conflicto armado colombiano, constituye una grave vulneración de los derechos fundamentales de las mujeres. La violación es una forma de violencia sexual por parte de un actor armado, impulsado por el deseo sexual y amparado bajo el poder masculino armado, o también se puede presentar como una estrategia militar, como un instrumento que de manera simbólica utilizan los actores armados para expresar su dominio sobre los cuerpos, los recursos y los territorios. Los aportes de la Psicología Comunitaria no son ajenos ni improcedentes para la comprensión victiminológica y criminológica de la violencia sexual, fenómeno que tiene una naturaleza social, y al tiempo que constituye una infracción a la norma penal, también configura una ruptura del tejido comunitario. Por lo que se hace necesario la cooperación entre las distintas disciplinas, para empezar a generar un verdadero conocimiento y un abordaje adecuado de las víctimas de la violencia sexual dentro del marco del conflicto armado colombiano. El proyecto de investigación fue de corte cualitativo y bajo el Enfoque Metodológico Historia de vida, el cual se llevó a cabo a través de la descripción de la propuesta de las Cinco Pieles, el diario de campo, la entrevista y la conversación, se buscó identificar las emociones y los sentimientos de una víctima de abuso sexual dentro del marco del conflicto armado colombiano.Sexual violence against women is found in different social spaces and moments, it is present in family, school, work environments and in public spaces. It occurs in times of peace, the victims being girls, boys and women; but also in times of war, where sexual violence becomes more evident, with more violence, it is continuous and systematic. Sexual violence should be understood as any set of actions that are exercised through the use of force, where the actor is in a position of advantage and power, and has the capacity to cause harm to the one against whom she directs her attack. Sexual violence against women within the framework of the Colombian armed conflict constitutes a serious violation of the fundamental rights of women. Rape is a form of sexual violence by an armed actor, driven by sexual desire and protected under armed male power, or it can also be presented as a military strategy, as an instrument symbolically used by armed actors to express their dominion over bodies, resources and territories. The contributions of Community Psychology are not alien or inappropriate for the victiminological and criminological understanding of sexual violence, a phenomenon that has a social nature, and at the same time that it constitutes a violation of the criminal law, it also constitutes a rupture of the community fabric. Therefore, cooperation between the different disciplines is necessary in order to begin to generate true knowledge and an adequate approach to victims of sexual violence within the framework of the Colombian armed conflict. The research project was qualitative and under the Life History Methodological Approach, which was carried out through the description of the Five Skins proposal, the field diary, the interview and the conversation, it was sought to identify the emotions and feelings of a victim of sexual abuse within the framework of the Colombian armed conflict

Perception of a love brand. Case of the National University of Colombia

El posicionamiento de una marca es uno de los principales elementos que distingue a una organización de otra y es por ello que el presente documento analiza la valoración de una love mark® o marca amor, definido como el vínculo emocional del consumidor con su marca, en especial, en el caso de una institución muy reconocida en el ámbito de los colombianos como es la Universidad Nacional (Colombia), con más de 150 años de tradición. El método utilizado fue la aplicación del índice desarrollado por Eunjoo Cho en 2011, quien desarrolla una metodología para la evaluación de marcas amor adaptada al contexto educativo. Se realizó mediante encuestas online a 267 personas con técnica mixta (cualitativa-cuantitativa) por valoración de escala de Likert. Los resultados corroboran que el programa gubernamental “ser pilo paga” ha afectado significativamente a las universidades públicas del país, puesto que este paga al estudiante sus estudios con un crédito condonable en la universidad que éste decida cursar sus carreras profesionales. Las conclusiones se centran en la posibilidad de posicionar una marca, a pesar de ser una universidad pública, como una marca reconocida, recordada, posicionada y finalmente como marca amor en los colombianos.The positioning of a brand is one of the main elements that distinguishes one organization from another and that is why this document analyzes the valuation of a love mark® or love brand, defined as the emotional bond of the consumer with their brand. especially, in the case of a highly recognized institution in the field of Colombians such as the National University (Colombia), with more than 150 years of tradition. The method used was the application of the index developed by Eunjoo Cho in 2011, who developed a methodology for the evaluation of love marks adapted to the educational context. It was carried out through an online survey of 267 people with mixed technique (qualitative-quantitative) by Likert scale assessment. The results corroborate that the government program "be pilo pays" has significantly affected the country's public universities, since it pays the student for his studies with a forgivable credit in the university that he decides to pursue his professional careers. The conclusions focus on the possibility of positioning a brand, despite being a public university, as a recognized, remembered, positioned brand and finally as a love brand in Colombians

ESTUDIO DEL CONTENIDO DE FENOLES Y ACTIVIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE DE GUAYABA EN DIFERENTES ESTADOS DE MADUREZ

Este trabajo estudió el contenido de compuestos fenólicos, actividad antioxidante y elcontenido de vitamina C, en diferentes estados de madurez del fruto de tres variedadesde guayaba de Colombia. Se trabajó con dos de alta producción silvopastoril, la regionalroja (RR) y la regional blanca (RB) y una de carácter promisorio como es la variedadguavatá victoria (GV), todas provenientes de la región de la hoya del río Suárez (Santander,Colombia). Se obtuvieron extractos etanólicos y se evaluaron el contenido defenoles libres, capacidades antioxidantes por ABTS●+ y DPPH●, FRAP, decoloración del bcarotenoy el contenido de vitamina C por HPLC. La guayaba RB en estado maduro fuela variedad que mostró mayor valor de contenido de fenoles libres y mejores capacidadesantioxidantes y la RR fue la que presentó mayor valor de contenido de vitamina C

EXTRACCIÓN Y MEDIDA DE ACTIVIDAD DE PECTIN METIL ESTEARASA EN PITAYA AMARILLA (Acanthocereus pitajaya), ENZIMA RELACIONADA CON EL ABLANDAMIENTO

RESUMEN En diversas técnicas aplicadas para la conservación en fresco de la pitaya amarilla (Acanthocereus pitajaya) se ha encontrado que el ablandamiento excesivo de su corteza contribuye al deterioro de su calidad. Puesto que pectinmetilestearasa (PME) se ha vinculado con el ablandamiento de frutos este estudio se desarrolló con el objeto de determinar el efecto de la incorporación de los aditivos tritón X-100, NaCl y cisteína en buffer fosfatos 20 mM pH 7,0 sobre la cantidad de proteína extraída y sobre la actividad de PME. También se evaluó la necesidad de recu-rrir al proceso de diálisis en buffer fosfatos 20 mM pH 7,0. En la medida de actividad se pusieron a punto el tiempo de incubación, la concentración del cofactor NaCl, pH, temperatura y concentración de sustrato (pectina cítrica). Se encontró que el mejor sistema de extracción fue el compuesto por buffer fosfato 20 mM, pH 7,0 con concen-traciones de NaCl que pueden estar entre 0,0 a 1,0 M. La medida de actividad se puede realizar empleando pectina cítrica entre 0,40 a 0,75%, a valores de pH entre 5,0 a 8,0, con incubación a una temperatura entre 40 a 45 °C, durante 2,5 min. Palabras claves: pectinmetilesterasa, pectina, ablandamiento, frutas, pitaya. ABSTRACT Using diverse techniques applied to keep the freshness of yellow pitaya (Acanthocereus pitajaya) fruit it has been found that excessive softening of its crust leads to quality deterioration. Since pectinmethyl esterase (PME) has been related to fruit softening in this study we evaluated the protein levels and the PME activity after the addition of Triton X-100 1% and NaCl in concentrations from 0 to 2 M in buffer 20 mM phosphate pH 7.0. Effects of cysteine addition and dialysis were also evaluated for the extraction Acta biol. Colomb., Vol. 14 No. 2, 2009 73 - 82 processes. Factors that can affect the activity of PME such as incubation time, different NaCl concentration, as value level of pH during the incubation, temperature and pectin (citric pectin) concentration were evaluated. The best system found in this study for PME extraction was buffer phosphate 20 mM, pH 7.0 and NaCl from 0.0 to 1.0 M. The best system for the activity measurement is to use pectin from 0.40 to 0.75%, keep the pH between 5 and 8 and incubate from 40 to 45 °C during 2.5 min. Key words: Pectinmetilesterase, pectin, softening, fruits, pitaya

Perception of a love brand. Case of the National University of Colombia

El posicionamiento de una marca es uno de los principales elementos que distingue a una organización de otra y es por ello que el presente documento analiza la valoración de una love mark® o marca amor, definido como el vínculo emocional del consumidor con su marca, en especial, en el caso de una institución muy reconocida en el ámbito de los colombianos como es la Universidad Nacional (Colombia), con más de 150 años de tradición. El método utilizado fue la aplicación del índice desarrollado por Eunjoo Cho en 2011, quien desarrolla una metodología para la evaluación de marcas amor adaptada al contexto educativo. Se realizó mediante encuestas online a 267 personas con técnica mixta (cualitativa-cuantitativa) por valoración de escala de Likert. Los resultados corroboran que el programa gubernamental “ser pilo paga” ha afectado significativamente a las universidades públicas del país, puesto que este paga al estudiante sus estudios con un crédito condonable en la universidad que éste decida cursar sus carreras profesionales. Las conclusiones se centran en la posibilidad de posicionar una marca, a pesar de ser una universidad pública, como una marca reconocida, recordada, posicionada y finalmente como marca amor en los colombianos.The positioning of a brand is one of the main elements that distinguishes one organization from another and that is why this document analyzes the valuation of a love mark® or love brand, defined as the emotional bond of the consumer with their brand. especially, in the case of a highly recognized institution in the field of Colombians such as the National University (Colombia), with more than 150 years of tradition. The method used was the application of the index developed by Eunjoo Cho in 2011, who developed a methodology for the evaluation of love marks adapted to the educational context. It was carried out through an online survey of 267 people with mixed technique (qualitative-quantitative) by Likert scale assessment. The results corroborate that the government program "be pilo pays" has significantly affected the country's public universities, since it pays the student for his studies with a forgivable credit in the university that he decides to pursue his professional careers. The conclusions focus on the possibility of positioning a brand, despite being a public university, as a recognized, remembered, positioned brand and finally as a love brand in Colombians

Candida rugosa, an Emerging Fungal Pathogen with Resistance to Azoles: Geographic and Temporal Trends from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program

Candida rugosa is a fungus that appears to be emerging as a cause of infection in some geographic regions. We utilized the extensive database of the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program to describe the geographic and temporal trends in the isolation of C. rugosa from clinical specimens and the in vitro susceptibilities of 452 isolates to fluconazole and voriconazole. C. rugosa accounted for 0.4% of 134,715 isolates of Candida, and the frequency of isolation increased from 0.03% to 0.4% over the 6.5-year study period (1997 to 2003). C. rugosa was most common in the Latin American region (2.7% versus 0.1 to 0.4%). Decreased susceptibility to fluconazole (40.5% susceptible) was observed in all geographic regions; however, isolates from Europe and North America were much more susceptible (97 to 100%) to voriconazole than those from other geographic regions (55.8 to 58.8%). C. rugosa was most often isolated from blood and urine in patients hospitalized at the Medical and Surgical inpatient services. Notably, bloodstream isolates were the least susceptible to both fluconazole and voriconazole. C. rugosa should be considered, along with the established pathogens Candida krusei and Candida glabrata, as a species of Candida with reduced susceptibility to the azole antifungal agents

Candida bloodstream infections in intensive care units: analysis of the extended prevalence of infection in intensive care unit study

To provide a global, up-to-date picture of the prevalence, treatment, and outcomes of Candida bloodstream infections in intensive care unit patients and compare Candida with bacterial bloodstream infection. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of the Extended Prevalence of Infection in the ICU Study (EPIC II). Demographic, physiological, infection-related and therapeutic data were collected. Patients were grouped as having Candida, Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and combined Candida/bacterial bloodstream infection. Outcome data were assessed at intensive care unit and hospital discharge. SETTING: EPIC II included 1265 intensive care units in 76 countries. PATIENTS: Patients in participating intensive care units on study day. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 14,414 patients in EPIC II, 99 patients had Candida bloodstream infections for a prevalence of 6.9 per 1000 patients. Sixty-one patients had candidemia alone and 38 patients had combined bloodstream infections. Candida albicans (n = 70) was the predominant species. Primary therapy included monotherapy with fluconazole (n = 39), caspofungin (n = 16), and a polyene-based product (n = 12). Combination therapy was infrequently used (n = 10). Compared with patients with Gram-positive (n = 420) and Gram-negative (n = 264) bloodstream infections, patients with candidemia were more likely to have solid tumors (p < .05) and appeared to have been in an intensive care unit longer (14 days [range, 5-25 days], 8 days [range, 3-20 days], and 10 days [range, 2-23 days], respectively), but this difference was not statistically significant. Severity of illness and organ dysfunction scores were similar between groups. Patients with Candida bloodstream infections, compared with patients with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bloodstream infections, had the greatest crude intensive care unit mortality rates (42.6%, 25.3%, and 29.1%, respectively) and longer intensive care unit lengths of stay (median [interquartile range]) (33 days [18-44], 20 days [9-43], and 21 days [8-46], respectively); however, these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Candidemia remains a significant problem in intensive care units patients. In the EPIC II population, Candida albicans was the most common organism and fluconazole remained the predominant antifungal agent used. Candida bloodstream infections are associated with high intensive care unit and hospital mortality rates and resource use

First Measurement of the Total Inelastic Cross-Section of Positively-Charged Kaons on Argon at Energies Between 5.0 and 7.5 GeV

International audienceProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) is a 770-ton liquid argon time projection chamber that operated in a hadron test beam at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2018. We present a measurement of the total inelastic cross section of charged kaons on argon as a function of kaon energy using 6 and 7 GeV/$c$ beam momentum settings. The flux-weighted average of the extracted inelastic cross section at each beam momentum setting was measured to be 380$\pm$26 mbarns for the 6 GeV/$c$ setting and 379$\pm$35 mbarns for the 7 GeV/$c$ setting

Supernova Pointing Capabilities of DUNE

International audienceThe determination of the direction of a stellar core collapse via its neutrino emission is crucial for the identification of the progenitor for a multimessenger follow-up. A highly effective method of reconstructing supernova directions within the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is introduced. The supernova neutrino pointing resolution is studied by simulating and reconstructing electron-neutrino charged-current absorption on $^{40}$Ar and elastic scattering of neutrinos on electrons. Procedures to reconstruct individual interactions, including a newly developed technique called ``brems flipping'', as well as the burst direction from an ensemble of interactions are described. Performance of the burst direction reconstruction is evaluated for supernovae happening at a distance of 10 kpc for a specific supernova burst flux model. The pointing resolution is found to be 3.4 degrees at 68% coverage for a perfect interaction-channel classification and a fiducial mass of 40 kton, and 6.6 degrees for a 10 kton fiducial mass respectively. Assuming a 4% rate of charged-current interactions being misidentified as elastic scattering, DUNE's burst pointing resolution is found to be 4.3 degrees (8.7 degrees) at 68% coverage