Conocimiento y poder: la asimetría de intereses de los médicos colombianos y de Rockefeller en la construcción del concepto de fiebre amarilla selvática, 1907-1938

Este estudio examina las asimetrías entre los diferentes intereses de los funcionarios y médicos que trabajaron para la Fundación Rockefeller y sus contrapartes colombianas en el desarrollo y consolidación del concepto de 'fiebre amarilla de la selva', a diferencia de la conocida forma urbana de fiebre amarilla. Exploramos las respuestas de investigación a una variedad de brotes de enfermedades en Colombia en el contexto de las campañas de Rockefeller contra la fiebre amarilla, desde la descripción inicial de Roberto Franco de la 'fiebre amarilla de los bosques' en 1907 hasta la consolidación del concepto. de 'fiebre amarilla de la jungla' de Fred Soper en 1938.This study examines the asymmetries among the different interests of officials and medical doctors who worked for the Rockefeller Foundation and their Colombian counterparts in the development and consolidation of the concept of “jungle yellow fever,” as distinguished from the known urban form ofyellow fever. We explore the research responses to a variety of disease outbreaks in Colombia in the context of the Rockefeller campaigns against yellow fever, from the time of Roberto Franco’s initial description of “yellow fever of the forests” in 1907 until the consolidation of the concept of “jungle yellow fever” by Fred Soper in 1938.Cette étude examine las divergencias de interes parmi les fonction-naires et les meddecins qui ont travaillé pour la Fondation Rockefeller et sa filiale colombienne dans le développement et la consolidation du concept de «la fièvre jaune selvatique», qui diffère de la forme connue de fièvre jaune urbaine. Nous explorons les réponses de recherche à une variété d'irruptions de maladie en Colombie dans le contextte des campagnes de la Fondation Rockefeller con-tre la fìèvre jaune depuis la description initle de la «fièvre jaune des forêts» de Roberto Franco en 1907 jusqu ' à la consolidación del concepto de fièvre jaune sel-vatique por Fred Soper en 1938

Revalorización de residuos de equipos eléctricos y electrónicos en Colombia: una alternativa para la obtención de metales preciosos y metales para la industria

This article aims to review the global context, and especially the Colombian context, regarding the management of waste electrical and electronic appliances, their use, recovery and the main extraction methods for high added-value base and precious metals. A literature review was carried out to obtain the quantities of residues, their main components and the extraction methods for base and precious metals; for Colombia, a case study was carried out in which, through a hydrometallurgy process applied to cellular phones, the quantities of base and precious metals that can be obtained were calculated. Only 15.5 % of e-waste in the world is recycled, the main recyclable components are iron (Fe), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), silver (Ag), gold (Au) and palladium (Pd), and that using e-waste as a source of metals could reduce energy consumption by 60-95 %. For the case study in Colombia, it was found that 3.8 t/year of Cu, 3.5 t/year of Fe, 56.5 kg/year of Ag, 6 kg/year of Pd and 10 kg/year of Au could be obtained. The conclusion is that recovering metals from electrical and electronic waste is feasible and that alternatives should be sought to take advantage of them due to their potential added value.El objetivo de este artículo es revisar el contexto mundial, y especialmente el colombiano, respecto al manejo de los residuos de equipos eléctricos y electrónicos, su aprovechamiento, recuperación y los principales métodos para la extracción de metales base y preciosos de alto valor agregado. Para ello, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para obtener las cantidades de residuos, sus componentes principales y los métodos de extracción de metales base y preciosos; para Colombia, se realizó un estudio de caso, en el que, mediante un proceso de hidrometalurgia aplicado a teléfonos celulares, se calcularon las cantidades de metales base y preciosos que se pueden obtener. Se encontró que solo se aprovecha el 15,5 % de los residuos electrónicos en el mundo, que los principales componentes reciclables son el hierro (Fe), el cobre (Cu), el aluminio (Al), el plomo (Pb), el níquel (Ni), la plata (Ag), el oro (Au) y el paladio (Pd), y que el uso de los residuos electrónicos como fuente de metales podría reducir el consumo de energía entre 60 % y 95 %. Para el estudio de caso en Colombia, se encontró que se podrían obtener 3,8 t/año de Cu, 3,5 t/año de Fe, 56,5 kg/año de Ag, 6 kg/año de Pd y 10 kg/año de Au. Se concluye que es viable la recuperación de metales a partir de residuos eléctricos y electrónicos y que se deben buscar alternativas para aprovecharlos debido a su potencial valor agregado

Reimagining pheromone signalling in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is an important, widely used developmental and genetic model. A pheromone has long been known to cause juvenile developmental arrest in C. elegans, a phenomenon that is common among nematodes more widely. Many novel effects of this pheromone are now being discovered—most recently, that exogenous supply of this pheromone controls adult worms reproduction. Here, we suggest that to properly understand and interpret these phenomena, C. elegans natural ecology must be considered, about which rather little is known. With this perspective, we suggest that C. elegans pheromone signalling evolves very locally, such that there are different dialects of pheromone signalling among ecological communities and among kin groups, and we also argue that pheromone signals may also evolve to be manipulative and dishonest. New approaches must be undertaken to study these phenomena in C. elegans. While model systems have been tremendously important tools in modern biological research, taking account of their natural history is necessary, and key, to properly understand and interpret laboratory-based discoveries.understand and interpret laboratory-based discoveries

Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor–like kinase NILR1 is required for induction of innate immunity to parasitic nematodes

Plant-parasitic nematodes are destructive pests causing losses of billions of dollars annually. An effective plant defence against pathogens relies on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by surface-localised receptors leading to the activation of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Extensive studies have been conducted to characterise the role of PTI in various models of plant-pathogen interactions. However, far less is known about the role of PTI in roots in general and in plant-nematode interactions in particular. Here we show that nematode-derived proteinaceous elicitor/s is/are capable of inducing PTI in Arabidopsis in a manner dependent on the common immune co-receptor BAK1. Consistent with the role played by BAK1, we identified a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, termed NILR1 that is specifically regulated upon infection by nematodes. We show that NILR1 is essential for PTI responses initiated by nematodes and nilr1 loss-of-function mutants are hypersusceptible to a broad category of nematodes. To our knowledge, NILR1 is the first example of an immune receptor that is involved in induction of basal immunity (PTI) in plants or in animals in response to nematodes. Manipulation of NILR1 will provide new options for nematode control in crop plants in future

Rotation and pulsation in Ap stars: first light results from TESS sectors 1 and 2

We present the first results from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) on the ro- tational and pulsational variability of magnetic chemically peculiar A-type stars. We analyse TESS 2-min cadence data from sectors 1 and 2 on a sample of 83 stars. Five new rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) stars are announced. One of these pulsates with periods around 4.7 min, making it the shortest period roAp star known to date. Four out of the five new roAp stars are multiperiodic. Three of these, and the singly-periodic one show the presence of rotational mode splitting. Individual frequencies are provided in all cases. In addition, seven previously known roAp stars are analysed. Additional modes of oscillation are found in some stars, while in others we are able to distinguish the true pulsations from possible aliases present in the ground-based data. We find that the pulsation amplitude in the TESS filter is typically a factor 6 smaller than that in the B filter which is usually used for ground-based observations. For four roAp stars we set constraints on the inclination angle and magnetic obliquity, through the application of the oblique pulsator model. We also confirm the absence of roAp-type pulsa- tions down to amplitude limits of 6 and 13 µmag, respectively, in two of the best characterised non-oscillating Ap (noAp) stars. We announce 27 new rotational variables along with their ro- tation periods, and provide different rotation periods for seven other stars. Finally, we discuss how these results challenge state-of-the-art pulsation models for roAp stars

TESS Cycle 1 observations of roAp stars with 2-min cadence data

We present the results of a systematic search for new rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) stars using the 2-min cadence data collected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) during its Cycle 1 observations. We identify 12 new roAp stars. Amongst these stars we discover the roAp star with the longest pulsation period, another with the shortest rotation period, and six with multiperiodic variability. In addition to these new roAp stars, we present an analysis of 44 known roAp stars observed by TESS during Cycle 1, providing the first high-precision and homogeneous sample of a significant fraction of the known roAp stars. The TESS observations have shown that almost 60 per cent (33) of our sample of stars are multiperiodic, providing excellent cases to test models of roAp pulsations, and from which the most rewarding asteroseismic results can be gleaned. We report four cases of the occurrence of rotationally split frequency multiplets that imply different mode geometries for the same degree modes in the same star. This provides a conundrum in applying the oblique pulsator model to the roAp stars. Finally, we report the discovery of non-linear mode interactions in $\alpha$ Cir (TIC 402546736, HD 128898) around the harmonic of the principal mode -- this is only the second case of such a phenomenon...

Conocimiento y poder: la asimetría de intereses de los médicos colombianos y de Rockefeller en la construcción del concepto de fiebre amarilla selvática, 1907-1938

Este estudio examina las asimetrías entre los diferentes intereses de los funcionarios y médicos que trabajaron para la Fundación Rockefeller y sus contrapartes colombianas en el desarrollo y consolidación del concepto de 'fiebre amarilla de la selva', a diferencia de la conocida forma urbana de fiebre amarilla. Exploramos las respuestas de investigación a una variedad de brotes de enfermedades en Colombia en el contexto de las campañas de Rockefeller contra la fiebre amarilla, desde la descripción inicial de Roberto Franco de la 'fiebre amarilla de los bosques' en 1907 hasta la consolidación del concepto. de 'fiebre amarilla de la jungla' de Fred Soper en 1938.This study examines the asymmetries among the different interests of officials and medical doctors who worked for the Rockefeller Foundation and their Colombian counterparts in the development and consolidation of the concept of “jungle yellow fever,” as distinguished from the known urban form ofyellow fever. We explore the research responses to a variety of disease outbreaks in Colombia in the context of the Rockefeller campaigns against yellow fever, from the time of Roberto Franco’s initial description of “yellow fever of the forests” in 1907 until the consolidation of the concept of “jungle yellow fever” by Fred Soper in 1938.Cette étude examine las divergencias de interes parmi les fonction-naires et les meddecins qui ont travaillé pour la Fondation Rockefeller et sa filiale colombienne dans le développement et la consolidation du concept de «la fièvre jaune selvatique», qui diffère de la forme connue de fièvre jaune urbaine. Nous explorons les réponses de recherche à une variété d'irruptions de maladie en Colombie dans le contextte des campagnes de la Fondation Rockefeller con-tre la fìèvre jaune depuis la description initle de la «fièvre jaune des forêts» de Roberto Franco en 1907 jusqu ' à la consolidación del concepto de fièvre jaune sel-vatique por Fred Soper en 1938

Análisis del ciclo de vida y cálculo de la huella de Carbono para un proceso de reciclaje de botellas PET en Medellín (ANT).

Abstract Introduction: A Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), allows to establish the inputs and outputs of matter, and energy of a process, product, service, person and/or organization, throughout its useful life or depending on the delimitation of the object of study This analysis, together with the Carbon Footprint (HC), makes it possible to standardize the information, to perform analyzes, comparisons and determine the environmental impact of the object of study in the same unit (KgCO2eq), regardless of the context. Objective: To present LCA and the determination of the HC, for a PET plastic bottle recycling company, located in the city of Medellín. Materials and methods: This study was carried out following the methodology established in the international standards ISO 14040-14044 and ISO 14064, since the PET is collected in the company's facilities until this material is processed and considered suitable, for delivery. In addition, the inventory of GHG emissions associated with the metabolism of the company's personnel is included, during the development of its activities within it. Results: From the PET recycling process analyzed, an HC of 1.4026 KgCO2eq / ton was obtained, where the consumption of electric energy is the one that contributes most to this indicator; with 63.32%. Conclusions: the EKORED HC can be established as a management and sustainability indicator, and as the baseline, to undertake strategies and actions that are aimed at building a carbon neutral industry.Resumo Introdução: Uma Análise do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) permite estabelecer as entradas e saídas de matéria e energia de um processo, produto, serviço, pessoa e / ou organização, ao longo de sua vida útil ou dependendo da delimitação do objeto de estudo. Essa análise, juntamente com a Pegada de Carbono (HC), permite padronizar as informações, realizar análises, comparações e determinar o impacto ambiental do objeto de estudo na mesma unidade (KgCO2eq), independentemente do contexto. Objetivo: Apresentar uma ACV e a determinação do HC, para uma empresa de reciclagem de garrafas PET, localizada na cidade de Medellín. Materiais e métodos: Este estudo foi realizado seguindo a metodologia estabelecida nas normas internacionais ISO 14040-14044 e ISO 14064, uma vez que o PET é coletado nas instalações da empresa até que este material seja processado e considerado adequado, para entrega . Além disso, é incluído o inventário das emissões de GEE associadas ao metabolismo do pessoal da empresa, durante o desenvolvimento de suas atividades. Resultados: A partir do processo de reciclagem de PET analisado, foi obtido um HC de 1,4026 KgCO2eq / tonelada, onde o consumo de energia elétrica é o que mais contribui para esse indicador; com 63,32%. Conclusões: o EKORED HC pode ser estabelecido como um indicador de gestão e sustentabilidade e como linha de base para empreender estratégias e ações que visam a construção de uma indústria neutra em carbono.Resumen Introducción: Un Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV), permite establecer las entradas y salidas de materia, y energía de un proceso, producto, servicio, persona y/o organización, a lo largo de su vida útil o dependiendo de la delimitación del objeto de estudio. Este análisis, junto con la Huella de Carbono (HC), posibilitan estandarizar la información, para realizar análisis, comparaciones y determinar el impacto ambiental del objeto de estudio en una misma unidad (KgCO2eq), sin importar el contexto. Objetivo: Presentar un ACV y la determinación de la HC, para una empresa de reciclaje de botellas de plástico tipo PET, ubicada en la ciudad de Medellín. Materiales y métodos: Este estudio se realizó siguiendo las metodologías establecidas en las normas internacionales ISO 14040-14044 y la ISO 14064, desde que el PET es acopiado en las instalaciones de la empresa hasta que este material es procesado y considerado apto, para su entrega. Además, se incluyen el inventario de las emisiones de GEI asociadas al metabolismo del personal de la empresa, durante el desarrollo de sus actividades al interior de esta. Resultados: Del proceso de reciclaje PET analizado se obtuvo una HC de 1,4026 KgCO2eq/ton, donde el consumo de energía eléctrica es el que más aporta a este indicador; con un 63,32%. Conclusiones: la HC de EKORED puede ser establecida como indicador de gestión y de sostenibilidad, y como la línea base, para emprender estrategias y acciones que vayan encaminadas la construcción de una industria carbono neutro

Psicoterapia basada en la evidencia en un caso de distimia y crisis de pánico

40 páginasThis paper presents a single case study of a 23-yearold woman with a clinical diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder (Currently in a moderate level), with anxiety, specifically infrequent episodes of panic attacks, is described. The objective of this article is to study the results obtained after the application of an evidence-based therapy scheme, in light of the evolution of symptoms related to mood and anxiety; and the results found by previous studies. The semistructured clinical interview, a checklist to evaluate panic attacks, and standardized tests were used as evaluation instruments, including the BDI, IDER, EROS. The results obtained allowed the development of a 23-session treatment plan, applying intervention techniques supported by empirical evidence such as cognitive restructuring, interoceptive exposure, live exposure, and techniques for positive reinforcement of activities for the management of dysthymia and panic attacks. The results showed a significant advance in the restructuring of thoughts, the decrease in anxiety and an increase in the activation of the mood, fulfilling the objectives and corroborating the efficacy of the techniques applied for the treatment of dysthymia and panic attacks. © 2021 Academia Nacional de Medicina. All rights reserved