600 research outputs found

    Aktywność polityczna Polaków w świetle ewolucji postaw społeczno-politycznych związanych z przeobrażeniem systemu politycznego

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    The article analyses the political attitudes and behaviours of the citizens, and describes the content and dynamics of the changes occurring due to the evolution of the Polish political system. The analysis of political participation by Polish citizens is presented in relation to the theoretical construct of social attitudes as a foundation of democracy, as proposed by Dahl. In the context of society’s approach to democracy and trust in institutions, a comparative analysis has been presented of voter participation in subsequent parliamentary and local elections. The process of creating a civil society, including the various forms of participation in non-governmental organisations, has been presented in relation to attitudes such as cooperation, social trust and care for the common good.In order to illustrate the egocentric and particularistic attitudes, the activities of citizens involved in the politics of protest have been analysed. Recent years have seen a number of demonstrations; symbolic in nature and testimony to certain principles, which have been used here as material for the analysis of the ideological approach to political problems.To sum up the problem of political participation of Polish citizens, it can be said that the dynamics of the forms and content of political participation indicates a growing involvement of citizens in the governance process, which definitely makes a positive contribution to the development of democracy. It must be noted, however, that the political activity of a large part of society has not been motivated by pro-democratic attitudes. The high diversification, disparity and instability of attitudes translate into the forms and content of political participation.Artykuł zawiera analizę postaw i zachowań politycznych obywateli, opis ich treści i dynamiki zmian zachodzących pod wpływem ewolucji polskiego systemu politycznego. Analizę partycypacji politycznej Polaków przedstawiono w odniesieniu do teoretycznego konstruktu postaw społecznych leżących u podstaw demokracji, zaproponowanego przez R. Dahla. W kontekście stosunku społeczeństwa do demokracji i zaufania do instytucji przedstawiono analizę porównawczą partycypacji wyborczej w kolejnych wyborach parlamentarnych i samorządowych. Proces kreowania społeczeństwa obywatelskiego – różne formy uczestnictwa w organizacjach pozarządowych przedstawiono w odniesieniu do postaw współdziałania, zaufania społecznego i dbałości o wspólne dobro.Dla ilustracji postaw egocentrycznych i partykularnych grupowych dokonano analizy działań obywateli uczestniczących w polityce protestu. Liczne demonstracje, jakie miały miejsce w ostatnich latach o znaczeniu symbolicznym, stanowiące wyraz dawania świadectwa wartościom posłużyły jako materiał do analizy ideologicznego stosunku do problemów politycznych.Podsumowując problem partycypacji politycznej Polaków można stwierdzić, iż dynamika form i treści partycypacji politycznej świadczą o pogłębiającym się uczestnictwie obywateli w procesie rządzenia państwem, co niewątpliwie stanowi pozytywny aspekt rozwoju demokracji. Zauważyć jednakże należy, że u podstaw aktywności politycznej znacznej części społeczeństwa nie leżą postawy sprzyjające demokracji. Silne zróżnicowanie, niespójność i chwiejność postaw przekłada się na formy i treść partycypacji politycznej

    Ideologiczne oblicze odbudowy śródmieścia Warszawy ze zniszczeń po II wojnie światowej

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    The purpose of this article is to prove that the reconstruction of Warsaw from the devastation brought by World War II was in actuality the construction of a new capital for a socialist state, following Marxist land development principles. The communist authorities considered rebuilding Warsaw City Centre to be of particular importance. Buildings predating the war were seen as symbols of capitalist social relations, which privileged the urban middle class

    Gold fragmentation induced by stopped antiprotons

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    A natural gold target was irradiated with the antiproton beam from the Low Energy Antiproton Ring at CERN. Antiprotons of 200 MeV/c momentum were stopped in a thick target, products of their annihilations on Au nuclei were detected using the off-line gamma-ray spectroscopy method. In total, yields for 114 residual nuclei were determined, providing a data set to deduce the complete mass and charge distribution of all products with A > 20 from a fitting procedure. The contribution of evaporation and fission decay modes to the total reaction cross section as well as the mean mass loss were estimated. The fission probability for Au absorbing antiprotons at rest was determined to be equal to (3.8+-0.5)%, in good agreement with an estimation derived using other techniques. The mass-charge yield distribution was compared with the results obtained for proton and pion induced gold fragmentation. On the average, the energy released in pbar annihilation is similar to that introduced by ~ 1 GeV protons. However, compared to proton bombardment products, the yield distribution of antiproton absorption residues in the N-Z plane is clearly distinct. The data for antiprotons exhibit also a substantial influence of odd-even and shell effects.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, Revtex 4, to be published in Physical Review

    Composition of the nuclear periphery from antiproton absorption

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    Thirteen targets with mass numbers from 58 to 238 were irradiated with the antiproton beam from the Low Energy Antiproton Ring facility at CERN leading to the formation of antiprotonic atoms of these heavy elements. The antiproton capture at the end of an atomic cascade results in the production of more or less excited residual nuclei. The targets were selected with the criterion that both reaction products with one nucleon less than the proton and neutron number of the target be radioactive. The yield of these radioactive products after stopped-antiproton annihilation was determined using gamma-ray spectroscopy techniques. This yield is related to the proton and neutron density in the target nucleus at a radial distance corresponding to the antiproton annihilation site. The experimental data clearly indicate the existence of a neutron-rich nuclear periphery, a "neutron halo", strongly correlated with the target neutron separation energy Bn and observed for targets with Bn < 10 MeV. For two-target nuclei 106Cd and 144Sm, with larger neutron binding energies, a proton-rich nuclear periphery was observed. Most of the experimental data are in reasonable agreement with calculations based on current antiproton-nucleus and pion-nucleus interaction potentials and on nuclear densities deduced with the help of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approach. This approach was, however, unable to account for the 106Cd and 144Sm results.Comment: Latex (RevTeX,aps style), 13 pages + 12 Postscript figure

    Nuclear structure of Ac-231

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    The low-energy structure of 231Ac has been investigated by means of gamma ray spectroscopy following the beta-decay of 231Ra. Multipolarities of 28 transitions have been established by measuring conversion electrons with a mini-orange electron spectrometer. The decay scheme of 231Ra --> 231Ac has been constructed for the first time. The Advanced Time Delayed beta-gamma-gamma(t) method has been used to measure the half-lives of five levels. The moderately fast B(E1) transition rates derived suggest that the octupole effects, albeit weak, are still present in this exotic nucleus

    Information on antiprotonic atoms and the nuclear periphery from the PS209 experiment

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    In the PS209 experiments at CERN two kinds of measurements were performed: the in-beam measurement of X-rays from antiprotonic atoms and the radiochemical, off-line determination of the yield of annihilation products with mass number A_t -1 (less by 1 than the target mass). Both methods give observables which allows to study the peripheral matter density composition and distribution.Comment: LaTeX (espcrc1 style), 6 pages, 3 EPS figures, 1 table, Proceedings of the Sixth Biennal Conference on Low-Energy Antiproton Physics LEAP 2000, Venice, Ital

    Neutron density distributions from antiprotonic 208Pb and 209Bi atoms

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    The X-ray cascade from antiprotonic atoms was studied for 208Pb and 209Bi. Widths and shifts of the levels due to the strong interaction were determined. Using modern antiproton-nucleus optical potentials the neutron densities in the nuclear periphery were deduced. Assuming two parameter Fermi distributions (2pF) describing the proton and neutron densities the neutron rms radii were deduced for both nuclei. The difference of neutron and proton rms radii /\r_np equal to 0.16 +-(0.02)_{stat} +- (0.04)_{syst} fm for 208Pb and 0.14 +- (0.04)_{stat} +- (0.04)_{syst} fm for 209Bi were determined and the assigned systematic errors are discussed. The /\r_np values and the deduced shapes of the neutron distributions are compared with mean field model calculations.Comment: 22 pages, 8 tables, 15 figure
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