Role of support services in business-to-business relationships − Case: Nordic ID

Siirretty Doriast

Brain-to-brain hyperclassification reveals action-specific motor mapping of observed actions in humans

Seeing an action may activate the corresponding action motor code in the observer. It remains unresolved whether seeing and performing an action activates similar action-specific motor codes in the observer and the actor. We used novel hyperclassification approach to reveal shared brain activation signatures of action execution and observation in interacting human subjects. In the first experiment, two "actors" performed four types of hand actions while their haemodynamic brain activations were measured with 3-T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The actions were videotaped and shown to 15 "observers" during a second fMRI experiment. Eleven observers saw the videos of one actor, and the remaining four observers saw the videos of the other actor. In a control fMRI experiment, one of the actors performed actions with closed eyes, and five new observers viewed these actions. Bayesian canonical correlation analysis was applied to functionally realign observers' and actors' fMRI data. Hyperclassification of the seen actions was performed with Bayesian logistic regression trained on actors' data and tested with observers' data. Without the functional realignment, between-subjects accuracy was at chance level. With the realignment, the accuracy increased on average by 15 percentage points, exceeding both the chance level and the accuracy without functional realignment. The highest accuracies were observed in occipital, parietal and premotor cortices. Hyperclassification exceeded chance level also when the actor did not see her own actions. We conclude that the functional brain activation signatures underlying action execution and observation are partly shared, yet these activation signatures may be anatomically misaligned across individuals

Формирование эмоциональной культуры как компонента инновационной культуры студентов

Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders1 and Darwin was one of the first to recognise that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness2. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity, ROH), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power3,4. Here we use ROH to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity (SROH) and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in 1 second (FEV1), general cognitive ability (g) and educational attainment (nominal p<1 × 10−300, 2.1 × 10−6, 2.5 × 10−10, 1.8 × 10−10). In each case increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing convincing evidence for the first time that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples5,6, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection7, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been

Kiuruveden tilan parantaminen : Säännöstelyn kehittäminen ja ravinnekuormituksen vähentäminen

Raportissa esitetään yhteenveto Kiuruveden ja Iisalmen kaupunkien alueella sijaitsevan Kiuruvesi -järven säännöstelyn kehittämiseksi sekä järven tilan parantamiseksi tehdyistä selvityksistä sekä esitetään suositukset säännöstelylle ja järven ja valuma-alueen hoitotoimenpiteille. Kiuruvettä säännöstellään Kiurujoen Saarikoskessa olevalla Runnin neulatammella. Säännöstely perustuu vuonna 1935 annettuun järvenlaskulupaan ja sen tavoitteena on maatalouden tulvasuojelu. Kiuruveden alue on maaperältään viljavaa ja ranta-alueet ovat pääosin viljelyksessä, joten järveen kohdistuu runsaasti valuma-alueen maataloudesta peräisin olevaa kuormitusta. Tämä näkyy myös järven ekologisessa tilassa, joka on tyydyttävä. Järven tilaan vaikuttavat jonkin verran myös säännöstelystä ja muusta vesirakentamisesta aiheutuneet muutokset, mutta niiden vaikutus on kuormitukseen nähden vähäinen, eikä vesistöä ole luokiteltu voimakkaasti muutetuksi. Säännöstelyn kehittämistä koskevassa osassa arvioidaan tarpeita ja mahdollisuuksia säännöstelyn parantamiseen. Kiuruveden kevättulvan alentamiseksi mallinnettiin Kiurujokeen erilaisia perkausvaihtoehtoja. Kiuruvedelle laskettiin myös useita säännöstelyvaihtoehtoja eri perkausvaihtoehdoilla sekä vertailtiin erilaisten mittareiden avulla niiden vaikutuksia vesistön tilaan ja käyttöön. Lisäksi mallinnettiin ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutuksia vesistön hydrologiaan. Vesistön käyttäjien ja sidosryhmien mielipiteitä kerättiin mm. ranta-asukkaille järjestetyllä kyselyllä sekä monitavoitearviointimenetelmää soveltaneessa työpajassa. Säännöstelyä esitetään kehitettäväksi siten, että vedenkorkeuden kevätalennuksesta luovutaan, kevättulvalle asetetaan tavoitekorkeus ja tulvan laskua jarrutetaan nykyisestä sekä määritetään vedenkorkeudelle vaihteluväli, jonka sisällä vedenpinta voi vaihdella tulva-aikaa lukuun ottamatta. Lisäksi esitetään, että Kiurujokea perataan rankkasateista aiheutuvien kesätulvien alentamiseksi. Muutosten tavoitteena on säännöstelyn hoidon helpottaminen, säännöstelystä järven tilalle aiheutuvien haitallisten vaikutusten vähentäminen sekä vesistön käyttömahdollisuuksien parantaminen. Vesistön tilan parantamista koskevassa osassa esitetään Kiuruveden tavoitetila mm. kuormituksen suhteen sekä erilaisia mahdollisuuksia tavoitteisiin pääsemiseksi. Lisäksi tarkastellaan erilaisten suoraan järveen kohdistuvien kunnostustoimenpiteiden soveltuvuutta järven tilan parantamiseen. Tarkempaan tarkasteluun valittiin ravintoverkkokunnostus ja hapetus. Ulkoisen kuormituksen vähentämisen vaikutusten arvioinnissa käytettiin mm. KUTOVA+ -laskentamallia ja maatalouden osalta VIHMA-laskentamallia. Kiuruveden vedenlaadun ja ekologisen tilan parantaminen vaatii merkittävää ulkoisen ravinnekuormituksen vähentämistä. Ravinnekuormituksen kannalta keskeisiä asioista ovat maatalouden osalta erityisesti lannoitukseen ja maanmuokkaukseen liittyvät seikat. Haja-asutuksen jätevesienkäsittely tehostuu lähivuosina hajajätevesiasetuksen vaatimusten myötä. Keskitetyn jätevedenpuhdistuksen osalta keskeistä on nykyisen puhdistustason ja toimintavarmuuden ylläpitäminen. Metsätalouden osalta keskeistä on etenkin kiintoainekuormituksen vähentäminen. Järveen kohdistuvista hoitotoimenpiteistä hapetusta ja hoitokalastusta kannattaa jatkaa. Sen sijaan varsinainen tehokalastus ei ole ajankohtainen ennen kuin ulkoista kuormitusta on saatu vähennettyä alle kriittisen tason

Brain-to-brain hyperclassification reveals action-specific motor mapping of observed actions in humans

Seeing an action may activate the corresponding action motor code in the observer. It remains unresolved whether seeing and performing an action activates similar action-specific motor codes in the observer and the actor. We used novel hyperclassification approach to reveal shared brain activation signatures of action execution and observation in interacting human subjects. In the first experiment, two "actors" performed four types of hand actions while their haemodynamic brain activations were measured with 3-T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The actions were videotaped and shown to 15 "observers" during a second fMRI experiment. Eleven observers saw the videos of one actor, and the remaining four observers saw the videos of the other actor. In a control fMRI experiment, one of the actors performed actions with closed eyes, and five new observers viewed these actions. Bayesian canonical correlation analysis was applied to functionally realign observers' and actors' fMRI data. Hyperclassification of the seen actions was performed with Bayesian logistic regression trained on actors' data and tested with observers' data. Without the functional realignment, between-subjects accuracy was at chance level. With the realignment, the accuracy increased on average by 15 percentage points, exceeding both the chance level and the accuracy without functional realignment. The highest accuracies were observed in occipital, parietal and premotor cortices. Hyperclassification exceeded chance level also when the actor did not see her own actions. We conclude that the functional brain activation signatures underlying action execution and observation are partly shared, yet these activation signatures may be anatomically misaligned across individuals.Peer reviewe

Distributed neural signatures of natural audiovisual speech and music in the human auditory cortex

During a conversation or when listening to music, auditory and visual information are combined automatically into audiovisual objects. However, it is still poorly understood how specific type of visual information shapes neural processing of sounds in lifelike stimulus environments. Here we applied multi-voxel pattern analysis to investigate how naturally matching visual input modulates supratemporal cortex activity during processing of naturalistic acoustic speech, singing and instrumental music. Bayesian logistic regression classifiers with sparsity-promoting priors were trained to predict whether the stimulus was audiovisual or auditory, and whether it contained piano playing, speech, or singing. The predictive performances of the classifiers were tested by leaving one participant at a time for testing and training the model using the remaining 15 participants. The signature patterns associated with unimodal auditory stimuli encompassed distributed locations mostly in the middle and superior temporal gyrus(STG/MTG). A pattern regression analysis, based on a continuous acoustic model, revealed that activity in some of these MTG and STG areas were associated with acoustic features present in speech and music stimuli. Concurrent visual stimulus modulated activity in bilateral MTG (speech), lateral aspect of right anterior STG (singing), and bilateral parietal opercular cortex (piano). Our results suggest that specific supratemporal brain areas are involved in processing complex natural speech, singing, and piano playing, and other brain areas located in anterior (facial speech) and posterior (music-related hand actions) supratemporal cortex are influenced by related visual information. Those anterior and posterior supratemporal areas have been linked to stimulus identification and sensory-motor integration, respectively.Peer reviewe

Impaired Negative Chronotropic Response to Adenosine in Patients with Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia

Adenosine and Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia. Introduction: Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that has an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of several cardiac arrhythmias. However, its effects on inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) are not well established. Methods and Results: In this study, the response to intravenous adenosine (0.1 to 0.15 mg/kg) was studied in 18 patients (age 46 ± 15 years) with IST. In a subset of patients (n = 5), the direct effects of adenosine were assessed during pharmacologic beta‐adrenergic and cholinergic blockade. Atrial cycle length (ACL) was measured before adenosine injection, at the time of the greatest cycle length prolongation, and during the maximum rebound acceleration of heart rate. Eighteen subjects (age 46 ± 11 years) with normal sinus rhythm undergoing clinically indicated electrophysiologic study served as controls. Adenosine did not terminate IST in any patient. The maximum dose of adenosine prolonged the sinus interval significantly, from 780 ± 128 msec to 985 ± 225 msec (P < 0.001) in the control subjects. In contrast, adenosine caused no significant lengthening of atrial cycle length (527 ± 69 msec vs 590 ± 148 msec; P = NS) in the patients with IST. Similar difference in the response to adenosine was seen during the pharmacologic autonomic blockade. The reflex increase of the sinus rate (rebound effect) was greater in the control subjects than in the patients with IST (21.2% ± 9.7% vs 8.5% ± 8.8%; P < 0.001). Conclusion: The usual negative chronotropic effect of adenosine was impaired in the patients with IST. This may have important diagnostic implications and provide new insight into the mechanism(s) of IST

Brain activation during closed-eyes and open-eyes experiments.

<p>Brain regions showing significant activation during action execution and observation in the main experiment for closed-eyes (top) and open-eyes (bottom) conditions for actor and all observers. Warm colors indicate activation for observer subjects; cold colors indicate activation for actor subjects. Purple color indicates overlap between activation maps of actors and observers.</p