Kilauta kaverille:haastattelututkimus yleisten kirjastojen johtajien käyttämistä tiedonlähteistä tehtäväperustaisessa tiedonhaussa sekä tiedonlähteisiin luottamuksen perusteet

Tiivistelmä. Tutkimuksen aiheena oli tarkastella yleisten kirjastojen kirjastonjohtajien käyttämiä tiedonlähteitä kirjaston johtamiseen liittyvässä tiedonhankinnassa. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin, mitkä ovat perustelut tiedonlähteiden käytölle, miksi tiettyihin tiedonlähteisiin luotetaan ja onko luottamuksen asteissa tai pysyvyydessä eroja. Lisäksi selvitettiin millaisia kognitiivisia auktoriteetteja yleisten kirjastojen johtajilla on ammatillisen tiedonhankinnan kontekstissa. Tutkimus asettuu informaatiotutkimuksessa tiedonhankinnan osa-alueelle, ja tällä tutkimuksella pyrittiin lisäämään ymmärrystä kirjastoalan ammattiryhmän tiedonhankintakäyttäytymisestä. Tutkimuksen aineisto kerättiin puolistrukturoidulla haastatteluilla, jotka toteutettiin Zoom-ohjelmalla. Tutkimusaineisto koostui kuuden yleisen kirjaston johtajan haastattelusta kevättalvella 2022, ja sitä analysoitiin sekä teoriaohjaavalla että aineistolähtöisellä sisällönanalyysillä. Tutkimuksen viitekehyksenä käytettiin Byströmin ja Järvelinin (1995) tehtäväperustaisen tiedonhankinnan mallia. Kognitiivista auktoriteettia tutkittiin Wilsonin (1983) teorian pohjalta. Tulokset osoittivat, että kirjastonjohtajien käyttämiä tiedonlähteitä ovat erilaiset henkilölähteet, kuten oman organisaation työtoverit sekä muiden kirjastojen johtajat. Näiden lisäksi merkittäviä tiedonlähteitä ovat viranomaiset, joista etenkin Aluehallintovirastojen kirjastoalasta vastaavat henkilöt ovat tärkeitä ja luotettuja tiedonlähteitä. Seuraavaksi käytetyimpien lähteiden ryhmässä ovat alueellista kehittämistehtävää hoitavat henkilöt, järjestöt ja yhteisöt, koulutustilaisuudet, oman kunnan henkilökunta, raportit, selvitykset ja tilastot sekä erilaiset tietovarannot ja verkkotiedonlähteet. Kirjallisuutta tai tieteellisiä julkaisuja käytetään haastattelujen perusteella harvemmin tiedonlähteinä. Tutkimusaineistosta ilmenee, että tiedontarpeeseen liittyvään tehtävään lähestymisessä on yksilökohtaisia eroja: tiedontarpeessa turvauduttaan omaan aiempaan kokemukseen, osaamiseen ja verkkolähteisiin, tai käännytään asiantuntijoiden tai kollegoiden puoleen hakemaan tietoa tai keskustelemaan tiedonhankinnan etenemistavasta. Hankitun tiedon laatu tunnistetaan, ja faktoihin perustuva tieto erotetaan mielipiteisiin perustuvasta tiedosta. Tiedonlähteitä pidetään aineiston mukaan lähtökohtaisesti luotettavina. Kirjastoalan kollegoita pidetään asiantuntevina ja halukkaina auttamaan, ja yleisesti alalla tiedonvaihdon koetaan olevan avointa ja vastavuoroista. Haastatteluissa nousi esille kollegiaalisen tuen merkitys sekä ammatillisessa tehtäväperustaisessa tiedonhankinnassa että johtajan tehtävässä toimimisessa. Tutkimusaineistosta ilmenee, että haastateltavat ottivat yhteyttä myös aiemmin tuntemattomiinsa henkilöihin, joilta saamiaan tietoja he pitivät merkittävinä ja tärkeinä kulloinkin kyseessä olevan ongelman ratkaisemiseksi. Tunnettujen kollegoiden voidaan katsoa edustavan kirjastonjohtajien kognitiivisia auktoriteetteja, mutta vastaava asema voidaan nähdä olevan myös muilla, tuntemattomilla kollegoilla. Kognitiivisen auktoriteetin nähdään olevan kontekstisidonnaista ja auktoriteetin laajuuden vaihtelevan tapauskohtaisesti

Effect of dietary intervention on serum lignan levels in pregnant women - a controlled trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mother's diet during pregnancy is important, since plant lignans and their metabolites, converted by the intestinal microflora to enterolignans, are proposed to possess multiple health benefits. Aim of our study was to investigate whether a dietary intervention affects lignan concentrations in the serum of pregnant women.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A controlled dietary intervention trial including 105 first-time pregnant women was conducted in three intervention and three control maternity health clinics. The intervention included individual counseling on diet and on physical activity, while the controls received conventional care. Blood samples were collected on gestation weeks 8-9 (baseline) and 36-37 (end of intervention). The serum levels of the plant lignans 7-hydroxymatairesinol, secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, lariciresinol, cyclolariciresinol, and pinoresinol, and of the enterolignans 7-hydroxyenterolactone, enterodiol, and enterolactone, were measured using a validated method.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The baseline levels of enterolactone, enterodiol and the sum of lignans were higher in the control group, whereas at the end of the trial their levels were higher in the intervention group. The adjusted mean differences between the baseline and end of the intervention for enterolactone and the total lignan intake were 1.6 ng/ml (p = 0.018, 95% CI 1.1-2.3) and 1.4 ng/mg (p = 0.08, 95% CI 1.0-1.9) higher in the intervention group than in the controls. Further adjustment for dietary components did not change these associations.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The dietary intervention was successful in increasing the intake of lignan-rich food products, the fiber consumption and consequently the plasma levels of lignans in pregnant women.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p><b>ISRCTN21512277, <url>http://www.isrctn.org</url></b></p

Pregnancy weight gain and breast cancer risk

BACKGROUND: Elevated pregnancy estrogen levels are associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer in mothers. We studied whether pregnancy weight gain that has been linked to high circulating estrogen levels, affects a mother's breast cancer risk. METHODS: Our cohort consisted of women who were pregnant between 1954–1963 in Helsinki, Finland, 2,089 of which were eligible for the study. Pregnancy data were collected from patient records of maternity centers. 123 subsequent breast cancer cases were identified through a record linkage to the Finnish Cancer Registry, and the mean age at diagnosis was 56 years (range 35 – 74). A sample of 979 women (123 cases, 856 controls) from the cohort was linked to the Hospital Inpatient Registry to obtain information on the women's stay in hospitals. RESULTS: Mothers in the upper tertile of pregnancy weight gain (>15 kg) had a 1.62-fold (95% CI 1.03–2.53) higher breast cancer risk than mothers who gained the recommended amount (the middle tertile, mean: 12.9 kg, range 11–15 kg), after adjusting for mother's age at menarche, age at first birth, age at index pregnancy, parity at the index birth, and body mass index (BMI) before the index pregnancy. In a separate nested case-control study (n = 65 cases and 431 controls), adjustment for BMI at the time of breast cancer diagnosis did not modify the findings. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that high pregnancy weight gain increases later breast cancer risk, independently from body weight at the time of diagnosis

Maternal VDR variants rather than 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration during early pregnancy are associated with type 1 diabetes in the offspring

This study was supported by the Finnish Academy (grant 127219), the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes, the Novo Nordisk Foundation, the Diabetes Research Foundation, the EVO funding of the South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital from the Ministry ofHealthand SocialAffairs (EVO1107), the BiomedicumHelsinki Foun- dation, the Jalmari and Rauha Ahokas Foundation, the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation, the Suoma Loimaranta-Airila Fund, the Onni and Hilja Tuovinen Foundation and the Juho Vainio Foundation

Trans-Ethnic Fine-Mapping of Lipid Loci Identifies Population-Specific Signals and Allelic Heterogeneity That Increases the Trait Variance Explained

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified ∼100 loci associated with blood lipid levels, but much of the trait heritability remains unexplained, and at most loci the identities of the trait-influencing variants remain unknown. We conducted a trans-ethnic fine-mapping study at 18, 22, and 18 GWAS loci on the Metabochip for their association with triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), respectively, in individuals of African American (n = 6,832), East Asian (n = 9,449), and European (n = 10,829) ancestry. We aimed to identify the variants with strongest association at each locus, identify additional and population-specific signals, refine association signals, and assess the relative significance of previously described functional variants. Among the 58 loci, 33 exhibited evidence of association at P<1×10−4 in at least one ancestry group. Sequential conditional analyses revealed that ten, nine, and four loci in African Americans, Europeans, and East Asians, respectively, exhibited two or more signals. At these loci, accounting for all signals led to a 1.3- to 1.8-fold increase in the explained phenotypic variance compared to the strongest signals. Distinct signals across ancestry groups were identified at PCSK9 and APOA5. Trans-ethnic analyses narrowed the signals to smaller sets of variants at GCKR, PPP1R3B, ABO, LCAT, and ABCA1. Of 27 variants reported previously to have functional effects, 74% exhibited the strongest association at the respective signal. In conclusion, trans-ethnic high-density genotyping and analysis confirm the presence of allelic heterogeneity, allow the identification of population-specific variants, and limit the number of candidate SNPs for functional studies

The genetic regulatory signature of type 2 diabetes in human skeletal muscle

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) results from the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors on multiple tissues over time. Of the 4100 variants associated with T2D and related traits in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), >90% occur in non-coding regions, suggesting a strong regulatory component to T2D risk. Here to understand how T2D status, metabolic traits and genetic variation influence gene expression, we analyse skeletal muscle biopsies from 271 well-phenotyped Finnish participants with glucose tolerance ranging from normal to newly diagnosed T2D. We perform high-depth strand-specific mRNA-sequencing and dense genotyping. Computational integration of these data with epigenome data, including ATAC-seq on skeletal muscle, and transcriptome data across diverse tissues reveals that the tissue-specific genetic regulatory architecture of skeletal muscle is highly enriched in muscle stretch/super enhancers, including some that overlap T2D GWAS variants. In one such example, T2D risk alleles residing in a muscle stretch/super enhancer are linked to increased expression and alternative splicing of muscle-specific isoforms of ANK1.Peer reviewe

A genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in finns detects multiple susceptibility variants

Identifying the genetic variants that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans has been a formidable challenge. Adopting a genome-wide association strategy, we genotyped 1161 Finnish T2D cases and 1174 Finnish normal glucose-tolerant (NGT) controls with >315,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and imputed genotypes for an additional >2 million autosomal SNPs. We carried out association analysis with these SNPs to identify genetic variants that predispose to T2D, compared our T2D association results with the results of two similar studies, and genotyped 80 SNPs in an additional 1215 Finnish T2D cases and 1258 Finnish NGT controls. We identify T2D-associated variants in an intergenic region of chromosome 11p12, contribute to the identification of T2D-associated variants near the genes IGF2BP2 and CDKAL1 and the region of CDKN2A and CDKN2B, and confirm that variants near TCF7L2, SLC30A8, HHEX, FTO, PPARG, and KCNJ11 are associated with T2D risk. This brings the number of T2D loci now confidently identified to at least 10

Genetic fine mapping and genomic annotation defines causal mechanisms at type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci.

We performed fine mapping of 39 established type 2 diabetes (T2D) loci in 27,206 cases and 57,574 controls of European ancestry. We identified 49 distinct association signals at these loci, including five mapping in or near KCNQ1. 'Credible sets' of the variants most likely to drive each distinct signal mapped predominantly to noncoding sequence, implying that association with T2D is mediated through gene regulation. Credible set variants were enriched for overlap with FOXA2 chromatin immunoprecipitation binding sites in human islet and liver cells, including at MTNR1B, where fine mapping implicated rs10830963 as driving T2D association. We confirmed that the T2D risk allele for this SNP increases FOXA2-bound enhancer activity in islet- and liver-derived cells. We observed allele-specific differences in NEUROD1 binding in islet-derived cells, consistent with evidence that the T2D risk allele increases islet MTNR1B expression. Our study demonstrates how integration of genetic and genomic information can define molecular mechanisms through which variants underlying association signals exert their effects on disease

Genome-wide meta-analysis of 241,258 adults accounting for smoking behaviour identifies novel loci for obesity traits

Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for environmental exposures, like smoking, potentially impacting the overall trait variance when investigating the genetic contribution to obesity-related traits. Here, we use GWAS data from 51,080 current smokers and 190,178 nonsmokers (87% European descent) to identify loci influencing BMI and central adiposity, measured as waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio both adjusted for BMI. We identify 23 novel genetic loci, and 9 loci with convincing evidence of gene-smoking interaction (GxSMK) on obesity-related traits. We show consistent direction of effect for all identified loci and significance for 18 novel and for 5 interaction loci in an independent study sample. These loci highlight novel biological functions, including response to oxidative stress, addictive behaviour, and regulatory functions emphasizing the importance of accounting for environment in genetic analyses. Our results suggest that tobacco smoking may alter the genetic susceptibility to overall adiposity and body fat distribution.Peer reviewe