Assessment of cattle marketing in Ea Kar district, Daklak, Vietnam in 2008

This paper describes and discusses the results of a Cattle Market Study conducted in Ea Kar district, Daklak province of Vietnam in 2008. Since 2000, CIAT, TNU and NIAH, in partnership with the Ea Kar Extension Service and District Government, have worked in Ea Kar to introduce the concept of cultivating forage grasses and legumes on farmers’ land for improved smallholder beef cattle production. By 2007, more than 2400 smallholder farmers had adopted cultivated forages to feed to their animals. This new feed resource has enabled farmers to change their cattle production system. They have intensified their production systems from grazing to pen-fed cattle using planted forages as the main feed for fattening, and by changing from local breeds to raising Laisind and cross-bred cattle

Effect of organic amendments on the health of rice and peanut crops in coastal sandy soils of Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam.

The purpose of this research was to assess the impact of vermicompost on the growth of rice and peanut crops and on the occurrence of pathogens in sandy soils of the Thua Thien Hue province. The field experiments showed that locally produced vermicompost can improve rice and peanut production on sandy soils with low fertility. THe rice yield significantly increased with an organic amendment of 15 tons/ha. The height and the number of flowers on peanut plants greatly improved with 12 tons/ha. The application of 8 tons/ha improved the number of stems per plant, but reduced their respective heights. THe incidence of major diseases caused by Cercospora arachidicola, Sclerotium rolfsii and Aspergillus niger on peanut and by Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani on rice was assessed as a function of organic fertilization rate. Some relationship between the rate of fertilizer and the incidence of some diseases was observed, but no significant difference was obtained. The cold weather at the beginning of 2008 delayed plant growth and probably also reduced disease incidence, which seemed to be low that year. Other pathogens such as Leptosphaerulina crassica, Cercosporidium personatum and Fusarium ssp. on peanut and Rhynchosporium oryzae , Curvularia luntana and Cercospora oryzae on rice were also identified in the experimental fields. A long-term analysis conducted over several years would enable an assessment to be made of the real impact of organic amendments on root and foliar fungal diseases

Validation and utilization of an internally controlled multiplex Real-time RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of enteroviruses and enterovirus A71 associated with hand foot and mouth disease

Background: Hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a disease of public health importance across the Asia-Pacific region. The disease is caused by enteroviruses (EVs), in particular enterovirus A71 (EV-A71). In EV-A71-associated HFMD, the infection is sometimes associated with severe manifestations including neurological involvement and fatal outcome. The availability of a robust diagnostic assay to distinguish EV-A71 from other EVs is important for patient management and outbreak response. Methods: We developed and validated an internally controlled one-step single-tube real-time RT-PCR in terms of sensitivity, linearity, precision, and specificity for simultaneous detection of EVs and EV-A71. Subsequently, the assay was then applied on throat and rectal swabs sampled from 434 HFMD patients. Results: The assay was evaluated using both plasmid DNA and viral RNA and has shown to be reproducible with a maximum assay variation of 4.41 % and sensitive with a limit of detection less than 10 copies of target template per reaction, while cross-reactivity with other EV serotypes was not observed. When compared against a published VP1 nested RT-PCR using 112 diagnostic throat and rectal swabs from 112 children with a clinical diagnosis of HFMD during 2014, the multiplex assay had a higher sensitivity and 100 % concordance with sequencing results which showed EVs in 77/112 (68.8 %) and EV-A71 in 7/112 (6.3 %). When applied to clinical diagnostics for 322 children, the assay detected EVs in throat swabs of 257/322 (79.8 %) of which EV-A71 was detected in 36/322 (11.2 %) children. The detection rate increased to 93.5 % (301/322) and 13.4 % (43/322) for EVs and EV-A71, respectively, when rectal swabs from 65 throat-negative children were further analyzed. Conclusion: We have successfully developed and validated a sensitive internally controlled multiplex assay for rapid detection of EVs and EV-A71, which is useful for clinical management and outbreak control of HFMD

Effect of double dose oseltamivir on clinical and virological outcomes in children and adults admitted to hospital with severe influenza: Double blind randomised controlled trial

10.1136/bmj.f3039BMJ (Online)3467911-BMJO

Sex differences in human mate preferences vary across sex ratios

A wide range of literature connects sex ratio and mating behaviours in non-human animals. However, research examining sex ratio and human mating is limited in scope. Prior work has examined the relationship between sex ratio and desire for short-term, uncommitted mating as well as outcomes such as marriage and divorce rates. Less empirical attention has been directed towards the relationship between sex ratio and mate preferences, despite the importance of mate preferences in the human mating literature. To address this gap, we examined sex ratio's relationship to the variation in preferences for attractiveness, resources, kindness, intelligence and health in a long-term mate across 45 countries (n = 14 487). We predicted that mate preferences would vary according to relative power of choice on the mating market, with increased power derived from having relatively few competitors and numerous potential mates. We found that each sex tended to report more demanding preferences for attractiveness and resources where the opposite sex was abundant, compared to where the opposite sex was scarce. This pattern dovetails with those found for mating strategies in humans and mate preferences across species, highlighting the importance of sex ratio for understanding variation in human mate preferences.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio