Ethnobotanical and ethnoecological study of the most important edible, medicinal and industrial species in the grasslands of Khalil Abad region, Zarrin Dasht, Fars province, Iran

It is vital to record and preserve indigenous knowledge on plants to prevent loss of this valuable information. The indigenous knowledge about herbal drugs can provide us with useful information, such as their phytotherapeutic activities for the treatment of various diseases. This study investigated the indigenous knowledge regarding the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of human diseases and disorders in Khalil Abad region, Zarrin Dasht County, Fars province (Iran) from January to May 2017. Questionnaires were distributed among the subjects and traditional herbal information were recorded. The medicinal plants in this region are predominantly bush, including Zataria multiflora Boiss, Peganum harmala L., Alhagi persarum Boiss. & Buhse and Astragalus sp. The results of this study indicate that the residents of Khalil Abad village use various medicinal plants for nutritional and medicinal purposes. This is the first report of the ethnobotany of the region and the medicinal plants of indigenous knowledge of this region could be used as a source for new drugs

Medicinal plants for kidney pain: An ethnobotanical study on Shahrekord city, West of Iran

Kidney problems such as kidney stones, pyelonephritis, nephropathy, diabetes, hypertension and other kidney complications can cause kidney pain. In general, opioid and non-opioid systemic analgesics are used to control pain that have many side effects such as nausea, vomiting, sedation, and respiratory depression. Studies on plants that can be useful in the treatment of kidney diseases such as kidney pain are difficult and little research has been done in this regard. Therefore, in this ethnobotanical study, plant antioxidants and medicinal plants affecting kidney pain were identified. For this purpose, a questionnaire was used to identify and obtain indigenous information and knowledge of traditional therapists in Shahrekord regarding the treatment of kidney pain. This ethnobotanical study was conducted from 21 April, 2016 to 19 February, 2017 in 29 traditional therapists of the region under purpose. Finally, the data drawn from the questionnaires were analyzed using the Excel software. In this study, the frequency of plant use was also calculated. The results of this study showed that 16 species of medicinal plants from 11 plant families in this region are used to cure kidney pain. The most frequently used are for anti-kidney pain was Alhagi maurorum (79%) followed by Tribulus terrestris (70%). Besides, the Asteraceae (5 plant species) was the largest family of medicinal plants with anti-kidney pain effect, and the flower (32%) was the most frequently used plant organ for anti-kidney pain property. Keywords Author Keywords:ethnobotany; medicinal plants; urinary tract; kidney pain; Shahrekord; Iran KeyWords Plus:PREVALENC

Medicinal plants for kidney pain: An ethnobotanical study on Shahrekord city, West of Iran

Kidney problems such as kidney stones, pyelonephritis, nephropathy, diabetes, hypertension and other kidney complications can cause kidney pain. In general, opioid and non-opioid systemic analgesics are used to control pain that have many side effects such as nausea, vomiting, sedation, and respiratory depression. Studies on plants that can be useful in the treatment of kidney diseases such as kidney pain are difficult and little research has been done in this regard. Therefore, in this ethnobotanical study, plant antioxidants and medicinal plants affecting kidney pain were identified. For this purpose, a questionnaire was used to identify and obtain indigenous information and knowledge of traditional therapists in Shahrekord regarding the treatment of kidney pain. This ethnobotanical study was conducted from 21 April, 2016 to 19 February, 2017 in 29 traditional therapists of the region under purpose. Finally, the data drawn from the questionnaires were analyzed using the Excel software. In this study, the frequency of plant use was also calculated. The results of this study showed that 16 species of medicinal plants from 11 plant families in this region are used to cure kidney pain. The most frequently used are for anti-kidney pain was Alhagi maurorum (79%) followed by Tribulus terrestris (70%). Besides, the Asteraceae (5 plant species) was the largest family of medicinal plants with anti-kidney pain effect, and the flower (32%) was the most frequently used plant organ for anti-kidney pain property

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing

Evaluation of Melamine Content in Infant Formula Collected from Different Areas of Tehran, Iran, Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Method

Background: Detection of adulteration of the melamine addition to food products, which is done to increase the nitrogen content, is essential because of its risks to consumer health. The aim of this study was to investigate the amount of melamine in milk powder consumed by infants collected from different parts of Tehran, Iran, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in 2021. Methods: In this study, 22 samples of infant formula consumed with different brands of the best-selling ones were collected in 22 districts of Tehran, and using ELISA-based diagnostic kit, melamine was searched, diagnosed, and its amount was determined and then compared with the standard limit. Findings: Based on the results, in none of the samples of infant formula, values higher than the detection limit of the kit were observed. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it was found that melamine was not cheated in infant formula in Tehran in 2021 and in this regard, there is no danger to the consumer (infants)

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