1,028 research outputs found
The classification of freezing cold injuries - a NATO research task group position paper
Introduction: Freezing cold injuries (FCI) are a common risk in extreme cold weather operations. Although the risks have long been recognised, injury occurrences tend to be sparse and geographically distributed, with relatively few cases to study in a systematic way. The first challenge to improve FCI medical management is to develop a common nomenclature for FCI classification. This is critical for the development of meaningful epidemiological reports on the magnitude and severity of FCI, for the standardisation of patient inclusion criteria for treatment studies, and for the development of clinical diagnosis and treatment algorithms.
Methodology: A scoping review of the literature using PubMed and cross-checked with Google Scholar, using search terms related to freezing cold injury and frostbite, highlighted a paucity of published clinical papers and little agreement on classification schemes.
Results: A total of 74 papers were identified, and 28 were included in the review. Published reports and studies can be generally grouped into four different classification schemes that are based on (1) injury morphology; (2) signs and symptoms; (3) pathophysiology; and (4) clinical outcome. The nomenclature in the different classification systems is not coherent and the discrete classification limits are not evidence based.
Conclusions: All the classification systems are necessary and relevant to FCI medical management for sustainment of soldier health and performance in cold weather operations and winter warfare. Future FCI reports should clearly characterise the nature of the FCI into existing classification schemes for surveillance (morphology, symptoms, and appearance), identifying risk-factors, clinical guidelines, and agreed inclusion/exclusion criteria for a future treatment trial
Validation of ambulatory monitoring devices to measure energy expenditure and heart rate in a military setting
Objectives.; To investigate the validity of different devices and algorithms used in military organizations worldwide to assess physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and heart rate (HR) among soldiers.; Design.; Device validation study.; Methods; . Twenty-three male participants serving their mandatory military service accomplished, firstly, nine different military specific activities indoors, and secondly, a normal military routine outdoors. Participants wore simultaneously an ActiHeart, Everion, MetaMax 3B, Garmin Fenix 3, Hidalgo EQ02, and PADIS 2.0 system. The PAEE and HR data of each system were compared to the criterion measures MetaMax 3B and Hidalgo EQ02, respectively.; Results; . Overall, the recorded systematic errors in PAEE estimation ranged from 0.1 (±1.8) kcal.min; -1; to -1.7 (±1.8) kcal.min; -1; for the systems PADIS 2.0 and Hidalgo EQ02 running the Royal Dutch Army algorithm, respectively, and in the HR assessment ranged from -0.1 (±2.1) b.min; -1; to 0.8 (±3.0) b.min; -1; for the PADIS 2.0 and ActiHeart systems, respectively. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) in PAEE estimation ranged from 29.9% to 75.1%, with only the Everion system showing an overall MAP
Body composition changes during 8 weeks of military training are not accurately captured by circumference-based assessments
In 1981, the US military adopted body fat standards to promote physical readiness and prevent obesity. Separate circumference-based equations were developed for women and men. Both predictive equations were known to underestimate %BF. However, it was not known how well these abdominal circumference-based methods tracked changes in %BF. This study examined the validity of the circumference-based %BF equations for assessing changes in %BF in young adult recruits during Army Basic Combat Training (BCT). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and circumference-based measures of %BF were obtained in women (n = 481) and men (n = 926) at the start (pre-BCT) and end (post-BCT) of 8 weeks of BCT. Repeated-measure ANOVAs were used to assess differences between DXA and circumference pre-BCT and for the change during BCT. Pre-BCT, circumferences underestimated %BF relative to DXA, with mean errors of −6.0% ± 4.4% for women and −6.0% ± 3.5% for men (both p < 0.01), and no difference between sexes was observed (p = 0.77). DXA detected a −4.0% ± 2.4% and −3.3% ± 2.8% change in %BF for women and men in response to BCT, respectively (both p < 0.01), whereas circumference estimates of %BF indicated a 0.0% ± 3.3% (p = 0.86) change in women and a −2.2% ± 3.3% (p < 0.01) change in men (sex difference by technique p < 0.01). In conclusion, circumference-based measures underestimated %BF at the start of BCT in both sexes as compared to DXA. Circumference measures underestimated changes in %BF during BCT in men and did not detect changes in women. These findings suggest that circumference-based %BF metrics may not be an appropriate tool to track changes in body composition during short duration training
Search for supersymmetry in events with b-quark jets and missing transverse energy in pp collisions at 7 TeV
Results are presented from a search for physics beyond the standard model
based on events with large missing transverse energy, at least three jets, and
at least one, two, or three b-quark jets. The study is performed using a sample
of proton-proton collision data collected at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the CMS
detector at the LHC in 2011. The integrated luminosity of the sample is 4.98
inverse femtobarns. The observed number of events is found to be consistent
with the standard model expectation, which is evaluated using control samples
in the data. The results are used to constrain cross sections for the
production of supersymmetric particles decaying to b-quark-enriched final
states in the context of simplified model spectra.Comment: Submitted to Physical Review
Measurements of the branching fractions for decays at Belle II
This paper reports a study of decays using
fb of data collected during 2019--2020 by the Belle II experiment at the
SuperKEKB asymmetric-energy collider, corresponding to events. We find , ,
, and signal events in the decay modes , ,
, and , respectively. The uncertainties quoted for the
signal yield are statistical only. We report the branching fractions of these
decays: where the first
uncertainty is statistical, and the second is systematic. The results are
consistent with world-average values
Observation of decays using the 2019-2022 Belle II data sample
We present a measurement of the branching fractions of four decay modes. The measurement is based on data from
SuperKEKB electron-positron collisions at the resonance
collected with the Belle II detector and corresponding to an integrated
luminosity of . The event yields are extracted from fits
to the distributions of the difference between expected and observed meson
energy to separate signal and background, and are efficiency-corrected as a
function of the invariant mass of the system. We find the branching
fractions to be: where the first uncertainty is statistical and
the second systematic. These results include the first observation of
, , and decays and a significant improvement in the precision
of compared to previous measurements
Measurement of the branching fraction for the decay at Belle II
We report a measurement of the branching fraction of decays, where or
, using electron-positron collisions recorded at an energy at or near
the mass and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of
fb. The data was collected during 2019--2021 by the Belle II experiment
at the SuperKEKB asymmetric-energy collider. We reconstruct
candidates in the , , and
final states. The signal yields with statistical uncertainties are ,
, and for the decays , , and , respectively.
We measure the branching fractions of these decays for the entire range of the
dilepton mass, excluding the very low mass region to suppress the background and regions compatible with decays
of charmonium resonances, to be \begin{equation} {\cal B}(B \to
K^{\ast}(892)\mu^+\mu^-) = (1.19 \pm 0.31 ^{+0.08}_{-0.07}) \times 10^{-6},
{\cal B}(B \to K^{\ast}(892)e^+e^-) = (1.42 \pm 0.48 \pm 0.09)\times 10^{-6},
{\cal B}(B \to K^{\ast}(892)\ell^+\ell^-) = (1.25 \pm 0.30 ^{+0.08}_{-0.07})
\times 10^{-6}, \end{equation} where the first and second uncertainties are
statistical and systematic, respectively. These results, limited by sample
size, are the first measurements of branching
fractions from the Belle II experiment
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