32 research outputs found

    New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

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    Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

    Capteurs intégrés pour la mesure à haute résolution de champs magnétiques

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    Les technologies intégrées permettent de réaliser de véritables systèmes de mesure magnétique sur puce. Directement intégrables à l'aide de n'importe quel procédé de fabrication standard, les capteurs à effet Hall sont particulièrement attrayants pour la conception de magnétomètres performants à coût réduit. La première partie de cette thèse porte donc sur l'amélioration des performances de ce type de capteurs à l'aide de circuits électroniques. Nous démontrons qu'à l'aide d'un circuit spécifique associé à un capteur à effet Hall de géométrie particulière, il est possible d'atteindre n'importe quelle sensibilité absolue. Nous proposons également une nouvelle méthode pour s'affranchir totalement de l'effet de piezo-résistance à l'origine d'une sensibilité parasite. Les capteurs à effet Hall proposés sont particulièrement adaptés aux technologies basse tension ainsi qu'aux systèmes de mesure soumis à des vibrations. Grâce au développement des nanotechnologies, les composants à base de matériaux ferromagnétiques en couches minces et plus particulièrement les jonctions magnétiques à effet tunnel devraient bientôt faire partie des composants standards de l'industrie microélectronique. Nous avons donc étudié les potentialités de ce nouveau composant et, dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous proposons une nouvelle technique de mesure basée sur la technique du fluxgate étendue à deux dimensions et appliquée à la jonction magnétique à effet tunnel. Le magnétomètre développé permet de mesurer simultanément et de façon très localisée deux composantes d'un champ magnétique avec une très grande sensibilité. Tous les systèmes réalisés tendent à tirer le meilleur parti d'un élément sensible à l'aide de circuits électroniques spécifiques.Integrated technologies allow to develop magnetic measurement systems on chip. Since they can be integrated using any standard manufacturing process, Hall effect sensors are particularly attractive for low cost magnetometers design. Thus, the first part of this thesis is focused on the improvement of this type of sensors using electronic circuits. We demonstrate that the association of a specific circuit and a Hall effect sensor of a particular shape allows to reach any absolute sensitivity. We also propose a new method for canceling the piezo-resistance effect which is responsible for a parasitic cross-sensitivity. The developed Hall effect sensors are particularly useful for low voltage technologies and for measurement systems subjected to vibrations. Thanks to the rise of nanotechnologies, thin film ferromagnetic based devices and more particularly magnetic tunnel junctions should be part of the standard components of microelectronics industry very soon. Thus, in the second part of this thesis, we studied the potentialities of this new device and we propose a new measurement technique based on the fluxgate principle generalized to two dimensions and applied to the magnetic tunnel junction. The realized magnetometer allows to measure simultaneously and in a very localized way, two components of a magnetic field with a very high sensitivity. All the realized systems tends to benefit from a sensitive element using specific electronic circuits.STRASBOURG-Sc. et Techniques (674822102) / SudocSudocFranceF

    A High Dynamic Range High Speed Pixel Operating at 100 Million Frames Per Second

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    The burst imaging concept is a specific imaging method than allows achieving a pixel rate of about 1 Tera pixel per second. This huge data rate can be reached by storing the video frames within the sensor, thus circumventing the bottleneck of the input/output of the sensor. Consequently, a frame rate of several Mega frames per second (Mfps) can be obtained and the use of a fast pixel front end is mandatory. In this paper, a pixel front able to operate at a frame rate of 100 Mfps is proposed. Based on a current mirroring integration approach, it offers a high dynamic range feature compatible with the record of the very fast moving object without blurring effect. The feature is carried out by mirroring in parallel the photocurrent into several integration capacitances. The pixel consumption is as low as 12 μW for one single gain branch at 10 Mfps and 118μW at a frame rate of 100 Mpfs

    Compact Modeling of a Magnetic Tunnel Junction—Part I: Dynamic Magnetization Model

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