178 research outputs found
Deuteron disintegration in three dimensions
We compare results from the traditional partial wave treatment of deuteron
electro-disintegration with a new approach that uses three dimensional
formalism. The new framework for the two-nucleon (2N) system using a complete
set of isospin - spin states made it possible to construct simple
implementations that employ a very general operator form of the current
operator and 2N states.Comment: 24 pages, 15 eps figure
The influence of basaltic islands on the oceanic REE distribution: A case study from the tropical South Pacific
The Rare Earth Elements (REEs) have been widely used to investigate marine biogeochemical processes as well as the sources and mixing of water masses. However, there are still important uncertainties about the global aqueous REE cycle with respect to the contributions of highly reactive basaltic minerals originating from volcanic islands and the role of Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD). Here we present dissolved REE concentrations obtained from waters at the island-ocean interface (including SGD, river, lagoon and coastal waters) from the island of Tahiti and from three detailed open ocean profiles on the Manihiki Plateau (including neodymium (Nd) isotope compositions), which are located in ocean currents downstream of Tahiti. Tahitian fresh waters have highly variable REE concentrations that likely result from variable water–rock interaction and removal by secondary minerals. In contrast to studies on other islands, the SGD samples do not exhibit elevated REE concentrations but have distinctive REE distributions and Y/Ho ratios. The basaltic Tahitian rocks impart a REE pattern to the waters characterized by a middle REE enrichment, with a peak at europium similar to groundwaters and coastal waters of other volcanic islands in the Pacific. However, the basaltic island REE characteristics (with the exception of elevated Y/Ho ratios) are lost during transport to the Manihiki Plateau within surface waters that also exhibit highly radiogenic Nd isotope signatures. Our new data demonstrate that REE concentrations are enriched in Tahitian coastal water, but without multidimensional sampling, basaltic island Nd flux estimates range over orders of magnitude from relatively small to globally significant. Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) loses its characteristic Nd isotopic signature (-6 to-9) around the Manihiki Plateau as a consequence of mixing with South Equatorial Pacific Intermediate Water (SEqPIW), which shows more positive values (-1 to -2). However, an additional Nd input/exchange along the pathway of AAIW, eventually originating from the volcanic Society, Tuamotu and Tubuai Islands (including Tahiti), is indicated by an offset from the mixing array of AAIW and SEqPIW to more radiogenic Nd isotope compositions
Absence of quantum-confined Stark effect in GaN quantum disks embedded in (Al,Ga)N nanowires grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Several of the key issues of planar (Al,Ga)N-based deep-ultraviolet light
emitting diodes could potentially be overcome by utilizing nanowire
heterostructures, exhibiting high structural perfection and improved light
extraction. Here, we study the spontaneous emission of GaN/(Al,Ga)N nanowire
ensembles grown on Si(111) by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The
nanowires contain single GaN quantum disks embedded in long (Al,Ga)N nanowire
segments essential for efficient light extraction. These quantum disks are
found to exhibit intense emission at unexpectedly high energies, namely,
significantly above the GaN bandgap, and almost independent of the disk
thickness. An in-depth investigation of the actual structure and composition of
the nanowires reveals a spontaneously formed Al gradient both along and across
the nanowire, resulting in a complex core/shell structure with an Al deficient
core and an Al rich shell with continuously varying Al content along the entire
length of the (Al,Ga)N segment. This compositional change along the nanowire
growth axis induces a polarization doping of the shell that results in a
degenerate electron gas in the disk, thus screening the built-in electric
fields. The high carrier density not only results in the unexpectedly high
transition energies, but also in radiative lifetimes depending only weakly on
temperature, leading to a comparatively high internal quantum efficiency of the
GaN quantum disks up to room temperature.Comment: This document is the unedited Author's version of a Submitted Work
that was subsequently accepted for publication in Nano Letters (2019),
copyright (C) American Chemical Society after peer review. To access the
final edited and published work see
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01521, the supporting information is
available (free of charge) under the same lin
Polyphenole als Qualitätskriterium für die Beurteilung von Cistus incanus Tees und ihre antibakterielle Wirkung auf Streptococcus mutans
Hard superconducting gap and diffusion-induced superconductors in Ge-Si nanowires
We show a hard induced superconducting gap in a Ge-Si nanowire Josephson
transistor up to in-plane magnetic fields of mT, an important step
towards creating and detecting Majorana zero modes in this system. A hard
induced gap requires a highly homogeneous tunneling heterointerface between the
superconducting contacts and the semiconducting nanowire. This is realized by
annealing devices at C during which aluminium inter-diffuses and
replaces the germanium in a section of the nanowire. Next to Al, we find a
superconductor with lower critical temperature ( K) and a
higher critical field ( T). We can therefore selectively
switch either superconductor to the normal state by tuning the temperature and
the magnetic field and observe that the additional superconductor induces a
proximity supercurrent in the semiconducting part of the nanowire even when the
Al is in the normal state. In another device where the diffusion of Al rendered
the nanowire completely metallic, a superconductor with a much higher critical
temperature ( K) and critical field ( T) is
found. The small size of diffusion-induced superconductors inside nanowires may
be of special interest for applications requiring high magnetic fields in
arbitrary direction
Introductory programming: a systematic literature review
As computing becomes a mainstream discipline embedded in the school curriculum and acts as an enabler for an increasing range of academic disciplines in higher education, the literature on introductory programming is growing. Although there have been several reviews that focus on specific aspects of introductory programming, there has been no broad overview of the literature exploring recent trends across the breadth of introductory programming.
This paper is the report of an ITiCSE working group that conducted a systematic review in order to gain an overview of the introductory programming literature. Partitioning the literature into papers addressing the student, teaching, the curriculum, and assessment, we explore trends, highlight advances in knowledge over the past 15 years, and indicate possible directions for future research
Biogeographical survey of soil microbiomes across sub-Saharan Africa:structure, drivers, and predicted climate-driven changes
BACKGROUND: Top-soil microbiomes make a vital contribution to the Earth’s ecology and harbor an extraordinarily high biodiversity. They are also key players in many ecosystem services, particularly in arid regions of the globe such as the African continent. While several recent studies have documented patterns in global soil microbial ecology, these are largely biased towards widely studied regions and rely on models to interpolate the microbial diversity of other regions where there is low data coverage. This is the case for sub-Saharan Africa, where the number of regional microbial studies is very low in comparison to other continents. RESULTS: The aim of this study was to conduct an extensive biogeographical survey of sub-Saharan Africa’s top-soil microbiomes, with a specific focus on investigating the environmental drivers of microbial ecology across the region. In this study, we sampled 810 sample sites across 9 sub-Saharan African countries and used taxonomic barcoding to profile the microbial ecology of these regions. Our results showed that the sub-Saharan nations included in the study harbor qualitatively distinguishable soil microbiomes. In addition, using soil chemistry and climatic data extracted from the same sites, we demonstrated that the top-soil microbiome is shaped by a broad range of environmental factors, most notably pH, precipitation, and temperature. Through the use of structural equation modeling, we also developed a model to predict how soil microbial biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa might be affected by future climate change scenarios. This model predicted that the soil microbial biodiversity of countries such as Kenya will be negatively affected by increased temperatures and decreased precipitation, while the fungal biodiversity of Benin will benefit from the increase in annual precipitation. CONCLUSION: This study represents the most extensive biogeographical survey of sub-Saharan top-soil microbiomes to date. Importantly, this study has allowed us to identify countries in sub-Saharan Africa that might be particularly vulnerable to losses in soil microbial ecology and productivity due to climate change. Considering the reliance of many economies in the region on rain-fed agriculture, this study provides crucial information to support conservation efforts in the countries that will be most heavily impacted by climate change. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40168-022-01297-w
Morphological and allozyme variation in a collection of Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin (Cucurbitaceae) from Côte d'Ivoire
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