L’Intelligence Collective dans la Conception et le Déploiement d’une Unité d’Enseignement Transversale et Interdisciplinaire à Grande Échelle : l’UE CATI

L’Unité d’Enseignement (UE) CATI est basée sur l’apprentissage par projets, la transversalité et l’interdisciplinarité de sa conception jusqu’à sa valorisation. Expérimentées pour la première2fois en 2020-2021 pour les 1086 étudiants de 1ʳᵉ année de licence inscrits au sein de l’institut sciences et techniques de CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), la construction et la réalisation en apprentissage par projet d’une UE interdisciplinaire de cette envergure ont été rendues possibles par l’implication de plusieurs acteurs, en mobilisant les principes de l’intelligence collective.Dans cet article, nous indiquerons comment l’intégration des principes de l’intelligence collective à toutes les étapes a permis d’engager et de mettre en mouvement ces différents acteurs : la conception de l’UE par 15 enseignants issus de 8 départements disciplinaires, sa mise en oeuvre/animation par 44 étudiants-tuteurs, eux-mêmes accompagnés par deux services distincts de l’université, a permis au millier d’étudiants de 1ʳᵉ année organisés en 143 groupes autonomes, de travailler en apprentissage par projet, de produire dans les délais imposés des livrables ancrés dans des problématiques sociétales et territoriales

The Origin of Phenotypic Heterogeneity in a Clonal Cell Population In Vitro

BACKGROUND: The spontaneous emergence of phenotypic heterogeneity in clonal populations of mammalian cells in vitro is a rule rather than an exception. We consider two simple, mutually non-exclusive models that explain the generation of diverse cell types in a homogeneous population. In the first model, the phenotypic switch is the consequence of extrinsic factors. Initially identical cells may become different because they encounter different local environments that induce adaptive responses. According to the second model, the phenotypic switch is intrinsic to the cells that may occur even in homogeneous environments. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We have investigated the “extrinsic” and the “intrinsic” mechanisms using computer simulations and experimentation. First, we simulated in silico the emergence of two cell types in a clonal cell population using a multiagent model. Both mechanisms produced stable phenotypic heterogeneity, but the distribution of the cell types was different. The “intrinsic” model predicted an even distribution of the rare phenotype cells, while in the “extrinsic” model these cells formed small clusters. The key predictions of the two models were confronted with the results obtained experimentally using a myogenic cell line. CONCLUSIONS: The observations emphasize the importance of the “ecological” context and suggest that, consistently with the “extrinsic” model, local stochastic interactions between phenotypically identical cells play a key role in the initiation of phenotypic switch. Nevertheless, the “intrinsic” model also shows some other aspects of reality: The phenotypic switch is not triggered exclusively by the local environmental variations, but also depends to some extent on the phenotypic intrinsic robustness of the cells

Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Altimetry for the future: building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Marketing du point de vente

National audienc

Les crustacés de l'Oxfordien supérieur de Cricqueboeuf (Normandie, France)

International audienceLa faune du Jurassique supérieur (Oxfordien supérieur) de Cricqueboeuf (Normandie, France) est remarquable par ses crustacés fossilisés en trois dimensions dans des nodules carbonatés et phosphatés, certains conservant même leurs yeux avec le réseau d'ommatidies. La faune (Crustacea, Decapoda) comprend quatre espèces attribuées aux langoustes Mecochiridae Van Straelen, 1925 (Meyeria n. sp.), Glypheidae Winkler, 1881 (Glypheopsis trouvillensis Charbonnier, Garassino, Schweigert & Simpson, 2013) et Erymidae Van Straelen, 1925 (Eryma ventrosum [Meyer, 1835], Enoploclytia sp.). Une analyse quantitative basée sur 191 spécimens montre que la faune était dominée par Eryma ventrosum (46,6 % des spécimens) et Meyeria n. sp. (40,3 %), la rendant unique dans le registre fossilifère des assemblages de crustacés du Jurassique. Meyeria n. sp. est l'une des plus anciennes occurrences du genre Meyeria M'Coy, 1849 et son abondance à Cricqueboeuf est remarquable.Le paléoenvironnement est interprété comme correspondant à des vasières subtidales, où le substrat mou était favorable à la colonisation et au creusement de terriers par les glyphéides, mécochirides et érymides. La plupart des spécimens auraient été conservés directement à l'intérieur de leur propre terrier, comblé par le remaniement du fond boueux lors d'apports détritiques